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GUIDE 

TO 

PHRENOLOGY, 

BY BUELL & SIZER. 



.7/ /6VO 



GUIDE TO PHRENOLOGY. 



DESK. 



TO ILLUSTRATE Till SCIENC1 01 PHI HUM AH MIND AS MA NT - 

rilllOUGH THE BRAIN, 



E>inn.vci.NG 

THE FUNDAMENTAL PRINCIPLES OF PHRENOLOGY; 

ril.ITY TO PA1 TEACHERS IN DEVELOPING AND 

EDUCATING THE MEHTAL FACULTIES OF THE RISING 

GENERATION, AND OF SELF IMPROVEMENT, 

TOGETHER 
\\ ITH THE ADAPTATION OF EACH OF THE ORGANS AND A 



PHRENOLOGICAL CHART, 



I* SEVEN DEGREES OF DEVELOPMBNT WITH NUMEROUS COMBINATIONS, 

ILLUSTRATED BY ENGRAVINGS. 

_ 

By PL. BUELL & N. SIZER, 
PURE N O LOGIST B 



JFIrsI Edition. 



WOODSTOCK, Vt.. 

I E D BY HASKELL AND PA L M E U . 

(Mercury Press.) 

1842. 






Entered according to Act of Congress, in the year 1842, 

By P. L. Buell and N. Sizer, 
in the Clerk's Office of the District Court of Massachusetts. 



PREFACE 



In presenting this work to the public, the authors have aimed 
at perspicuity and utility. 

They have felt the necessity of some work which should come 
within the reach uf all, embracing the general outlines of the sci- 
ence of phrenology, with its application to the education of chil- 
dren, and the training and cultivation of the mental powers of the 
student, so arranged as to interest, while it instructs. 

Most of the valuable works on phrenology extant, are large 
and expensive, and not sufficiently practical for popular utility, 
and hence, they do not find way to the great mass of the Ameri- 
can public. 

The invaluable works of Drs. Gall and Spurzheim, Mr. Combe, 
Fowler and others, are loved and prized'as they richly merit by 
all who have carefully perused them ; but comparatively few will 
buy a large (and necessarily costly) volume, however valuable. 
Moreover, several excellent works have been published by phre- 
nologists, presenting detached parts of the science, and the books 
being small they met a ready purchase, but, when the readers dis- 
cover that they have only a part of the subject, they are dissatis- 
fied. 

The frequent application for a synoposis of phrenology impart? 
ing a general view of the whole subject, and the means of exr 
pending the minds of the young, and directing them in the path 
of virtue and peace, has induced us to write the following work, 
amid the cares, duties and labors, of traveling and lecturing to 
promulgate among our countrymen a science, rich with all that 
can ennoble the human race, and which, when fully understood 
and universally applied, will bring that reign of virtue and intel- 
ligence which causes the philanthropic soul to leap with joy, in 
anticipation of its brilliant dawn. P. L. BUELL, 

NELSON SIZER. 

Pec. 1842. 




NAMES OF THE PHRENOLOGICAL ORGANS. 



1 Amativeness, 

2 Philoprogenitiveness, 

3 Adhesiveness, 

4 Inhabitiveness, 

5 Concentrativeness, 

6 Combativeness> 

7 Destructiveness, 

8 Alimsntiveness, 

9 Acquisitiveness, 

10 Secretiveness, 

11 Cautiousness, 

12 Approbativeness, 

13 Self- Esteem, 

14 Firmness, 



15 Conscientiousness, 

16 Hope, 

n Marvellousness, 

18 Veneration, 

19 Benevolence, 

20 Constructiveness, 

21 Tdeality, 

22 Sublimity, 

23 Imitntion, 

24 Mirtbfulness, 
2.5 Individuality, 

26 Form, 

27 Size, 

28 Weight, 



29 Color, 

30 Order, 

31 Number, 

32 Locality, 

33 Eventuality, 

34 Time, 

35 Tune, 

36 Language, 

37 Comparison, 

38 Causality, 

A. Suavitiveness, 

B. Human Nature* 

C. Union for Life. 



GENERAL OBSERVATIONS 



The student of nature finds pleasure and profit, as well 
as matter of astonishment, at every step of his investiga- 
tions. 

If he examines the arrangement of physical nature, ani- 
mate and inanimate, he discovers a system of perfect or- 
der, harmony and beauty, which speaks a language of 
stirring interest. 

This system of order is maintained, not only in respect 
to mere inert matter, but through the various genera of 
animals, up to the highest moral and intellectual constitu^ 
tion of man. 

Each species of animals is governed by laws suited to 
its constitution, and a sphere of action allotted to each, 
which they can never transcend. 

Water, is the element of the finny tribes, and preserva- 
tion of self is supposed to be the height of their abilities. 
Their brain is soft, small, and simple. (See the adapta- 
tion of Destructiveness.) 

There seems to be an elevation of mental power from 
the inert chrysalis, and stupid toad, through the long cat- 
alogue of animals up to man. 

The nervous system of animals, including the brain, 
is more complicated, increased in volume and fineness of 
texture, in proportion as they advance upward in the 
scale of intelligence. 

The fox, has four times as much brain as the wood- 
chuk, (while their bodies are of about equal size) and 
his intellectual faculties are manifested in an equal com- 
parative degree of superiority. This chain of gradation 
is perfect in the ascending scale of intelligence in the 
lower animals, till we arrive to the human species ; nor 
does it stop at its first entrance here ; it is continued uiu 
broken, to the highest intelligence on earth ; who will be 
found in possession, not only of a large and well propor- 
tioned constitution throughout, but a large, compact, and 
active brain. His intellectual superiority is attributable, 
1* 



6 GENERAL OBSERVATIONS. 

to these favorable arrangements in organization. This 
doctrine, recognizes and explains the reasons of the dif- 
ferences that exist between different species of animals ; 
between animals and the human race, and also that which 
exists between different members of the genus homo. This 
superiority of physical apparatus, acting as a medium of 
mental manifestation, gives man his supremacy over the 
brute creation. While beasts have just sufficient mental 
sagacity to reproduce, protect themselves, and provide for 
their natural wants; man, not only manifests the same 
animal propensities, (he desires food, propagates, protects 
himself and offspring, and these feelings are, in their na- 
ture precisely like those manifested by beasts) but he 
stretches far beyond this. The searching glance of his 
intellect ranges among the stars; by its power he directs 
the lightning's fiery shaft, rides unharmed upon the heav- 
ing billows, perforates the earth for its wealth, employs 
the elements to minister to his wants and serve his pur- 
poses, exterminates animals which endanger his exist- 
ence, or tames their ferocity and directs their power to 
his service. 

Why does feeble man direct superior power 1 Why, 
puny as he is, can he be truly called the lord of the cre- 
ation ? This power exists in intellect and human reason. 

In addition to reason, man's moral sense is a distin- 
guishing characteristic of his nature. 

The inferior animals, have not by nature any concep- 
tion of a God, neither can they be taught to feel moral 
obligation ; yet man, throughout the world, however de- 
based, barbarous or ignorant he may be, is found to pos- 
sess an idea of a Supreme and overruling Power, and a 
sentiment to worship that Being. 

Man, is by nature a religious being; was created with a 
design that he should manifest a religious character, and 
for that end, was endowed with the organs of the moral 
sentiments, through the medium of which alone, can he 
apprehend a God, or feel an obligation to obey His laws. 

Little fear need be entertained that religion will ever 
become extinct, for it forms a part of man's nature, as 
much as a sense of pain, or the appetite for food. 

A portion of the brain is allotted to the manifestation 



OF PHRENOLOGY. 7 

of the moral sentiments in the present life— beasts are 
destitute of brain in the same region, and the moral fecl- 
;irc entirely wanting. 

If the manifestations of mind, in its various powers 
and faculties, have any connection with the physical ap- 
paratus, with which it stands related, it becomes of the 
first importance to discuss the laws of its action, and the 
means of improving the one and developing the other. 

The science is based upon a few general principles 
and professes to be a system of mental philosophy. 



•►**£@#**«« 



PRINCIPLES OF PHRENOLOGY. 

The term Phrenology, is derived from the Greek 
words, phren, (mind,) and logos, (discourse,) which sig- 
nify, a discourse or treatise on the mind. 

I. The brain is the instrument of the mental mani- 
festations; the organ through which the mind acts in 
performing all its operations in the present life. 

II. The mind is not a distinct power, but is com- 
posed of many faculties; and different parts of the brain, 
serve as the special organs of those various faculties. 

III. The size of the brain as a whole, or of the sev- 
eral organs in particular, is a measure of power in the 
general or special mental manifestations. 

IV. The temperament, or physiological constitution 
of the body, gives character to the texture, compactness 
and activity of the brain, which is sluggish, active, strong 
or excitable accordingly ; and thus exerts much influence 
in strengthening and modifying the powers of mental ac- 
tion. 

V. Ex rcise, strengthens and enlarges the brain in 
general, or the several organs in particular. 



8 BRAIN, THE ORGAN OF MIND. 

I. The brain is the organ of the mind. 

That mind and matter act together, and have a mode 
of connection and co-operation, is self evident; but how 
this is effected, is not our province, as it is not in our 
power to decide. The brain is believed to be the medi- 
um of the union of spirit and matter, for many reasons. 

First. All the nerves, (except those which govern res- 
piration and act independently of reason) which serve as 
communicating and controlling agents to the whole body, 
arise in the brain, and point to it as the great seat of sensa- 
tion from without, and diffuse motion and energy through 
the body, in obedience to the understanding. 

The. nerves of motion, and nerves of sensation are mi- 
nutely ramified throughout the extremities of the body, 
and if we sever those nerves in the arm so as to destroy 
their connection with the brain, all power of motion and 
feeling ceases, and the hand may then be lacerated, or 
burned, without the least sensation. The arms may be 
amputated, and the spine affected, so that the lower ex- 
tremities of the body would be helpless, and still the mind 
continue to act. 

Second. Positive evidence is furnished by the follow- 
ing considerations, that the brain is the delicate appara- 
tus designed by the Creator, to control the body, mani- 
fest the mind, and be the seat of the soul or immortal 
spirit. 

Where there is no brain, there is no manifestation of 
mind ; and reason and other mental faculties, are mani- 
fested in proportion to the size and perfection of the cere- 
bral mass; and this is true, not only in respect to man, 
but the same unvarying law is carried throughout the nu- 
merous tribes of animals from the crawling reptile to the 
ourang-outang. 

Idiots, also, are very deficient in the front part of the 
head which is usually very small, or, when this is not the 
case, it is paralyzed by disease or enlarged by fiydro- 
cephali. (See cuts of Dr. Gall and Idiot.) 

Third. If the brain be compressed or injured, there 
is a corresponding suspension of the mental faculties ; and 
consciousness and reflection return, when the pressure is 



BRAIN, THE ORG \\ OP mind. 



9 



>i tlu* injury healed. No such effects result 
from a disease, or an injury of other parts of the body, un- 
til such d Led to the brain: and then, 
on is in proportion to the < u' the 

brain, and not to the disease of the body. 

nerous facts are before the world, (and there are 

us ol middle life who cannot relate instance 
own observation) which go to prove, that a blow 
upon the head and pressure upon the brain, cause ins 

itate of unconsciousness, and thereby proving bc- 
: a doubt, that the mind employs the brain as the me- 
dium of its manifestation. From among the many we 
transcribe a few instances from Mr. Combe's works 
drawn from various sources, to wit : 'Dr. Niel Arnott, 
jent work on Natural Philosophy, writes t! 

blow upon the head will change the most 
i individual into a maniac, causing the lips of virgin 
innocence to utter the most revolting obscenity, and those 
of pure religion, to speak the most horrible blasphemy ; 
and most cases of madness and eccentricity can now be 
traced to a peculiar state of the brain." 

"M. Kicherand had a patient whose brain was exposed 
in consequence of disease of the skull. One day, in 
ling off the purulent matter, he chanced to press with 
more thin usual force ; and instantly the patient, who, 
the moment before, had answered his questions with per- 
fect correctness, stopped short in the middle of a sen* 
tence, and became altogether insensible. As the pres- 
sure gave her no pain, it was repeated thrice, and always 
with the same result. She uniformly recovered her fa- 
culties the moment the pressure was taken off. M. Rich- 
er?nd mentions also the case of* an individual who was 
trepanned for a fracture of the skull, and whose faculties 
and consciousness became weak in proportion as the pua 
so accumulated under the dressings as to occasion pres- 
sure of the brain. A man at the battle of Waterloo had 
tall portion of his skull beaten in upon the brain, and 
became quite unconscious and almost lifeless ; but Mr. 
Cooper having raised up the depressed portion of bone, 
the patient immediately arose, dressed himself, became 
perfectly rational, and recovered rapidly. Professor 



10 



BRAIN, THE ORGAN OF MIND. 



Chapman, of Philadelphia, mentions in his Lectures, that 
he saw an individual with his skull perforated and the 
brain exposed, who used to submit himself to the same 
experiment of pressure as that performed on Richerand's 
patient, and who was exhibited by the late Professor Wes- 
tar to his class. The man's intellect and moral faculties 
disappeared when pressure was applied to the brain : they 
were literally "held under the thumb," and could be re- 
stored at pleasure to their full activity. A still more re- 
markable case is that of a person named Jones, recorded 
by Sir Astley Cooper. This man was deprived of con- 
sciousness, by being wounded in the head while on board 
a vessel in the Mediterranean. In this state of insensibil- 
ity he remained for several months at Gibraltar, whence 
he was transmitted to Deptford, and subsequently to St. 
Thomas's Hospital, London. Mr. Cline, the surgeon, 
found a portion of the skull depressed, trepanned him, 
and removed the depressed part of the bone. Three 
hours after this operation he sat up in bed, sensation and v 
volition returned, and in four days he was able to get up 
and converse. The last circumstance he remembered 
"was the capture of a prize in the Mediterranean thirteen 
months before. A young man at Hartford, in the United 
States of America, was rendered insensible by a fall, and 
had every appearance of being in a dying condition. Dr, 
Brigham removed more than a gill of clotted blood from 
beneath the skull ; upon which "the man immediately 
spoke, soon recovered his mind entirely, and is now, six 
weeks after the accident, in good health both as to mind 
and body." 

A lady in Kentucky, received a blow upon the head 
from an Indian's tomahawk, which so much affected the 
scalp and skull that they never united, leaving the brain 
bare, as large as a half dollar. 

The family physician often amused his friends by an 
experiment upon her brain, showing the necessity of the 
action of that organ, in the manifestation of reason and 
consciousness. He would press upon her brain with a 
silk handkerchief, when she would instantly cease speak* 
ing in the middle of a sentence, and remain unconscious 
&s long as the Doctor applied the gentle pressure, somo* 



PLURALITY OF FACULTIES AND ORGANS. 11 

limes for the space of twenty minutes, when, on removing 
the pressure she would complete the sentence with the 
lame tone of voice, and the same animation of countenance 
and a is it was commenced, without knowing that 

her remarks had been suspended. 

The brain is given to man for some useful purpose, and 
when we find that any considerable want of brain, or a 
diseased state of, or pressure upon it, affect the power 
and action of the mind, and that no such results follow 
an injury of any part of the body — and when we reflect 
that the perfection of the powers of vision, of digestion, 
circulation, common sensation and muscular motion, are 
always in proportion to the perfection of their respective 
organs; and that, in a similar manner, a certain state of 
the brain is necessary to the healthy action of the mind, 
we must inevitably conclude that the brain is given as 
the apparatus of mental action. We believe, therefore, 
that every passion and mental emotion ; the judgment, 
imagination, memory, will, and moral sense, or by what- 
ever names they may be called, find their medium of 
manifestation through the brain. 

If the mind be connected with the brain, and if it can 
be correctly studied, only in connection with that organ ; 
of how much importance is the science of Phrenology as 
a basis for a correct system of mental philosophy. 

The mental philosophy of past time, has been reared 
without a connection with organization, and hence, the 
diverse and contradictory opinions in regard to the laws 
and faculties of the mind, and "the melancholy truth, that, 
independent of phrenology, no mental philosophy suited 
to practical purposes exists." 

II. Plurality of the mental faculties and organs, 

Many persons are willing to admit (what some few 
deny) that the brain as a whole, acting as a single organ, 
is the instrument of the mind ; who deny, that different 
portions of the brain are allotted to the manifestation of 
the various mental faculties. A few considerations will 
set this matter at rest. 

First. Throughout the physical system, so far as it is 



12 PLURALITY OP FACULTIES AND ORGANS. 

known, every function is performed by a distinct and ap* 
propriate organ. The stomach is adapted to the function 
of digestion, the heart to propel the blood, the liver to 
secrete bile, the lungs to perform the office of respiration, 
the eye to see, the ear to hear, the tongue to taste, &c. 
These several faculties can be performed by no other or- 
gans; no one can answer the end of any other — the eye 
cannot hear, nor the ear see. 

The tongue, it is true has a triple function, viz: tasting, 
feeling and motion ; and dissection proves that its nerves 
are multiplex, either of which class being severed, one of 
the functions is extinguished, while the others remain; 
thus showing that, in respect to the functions of the ani- 
mal economy, one, and but one is performed by a single 
organ. Each class of nerves, always performs a distinct 
and homogeneous class of functions. 

If we may be allowed by analogy to carry this unifor- 
mity of action to the brain, we might reasonably expect 
that there would be distinct organs for each of the facul- 
ties of 

u Love, hope, and joy, fair pleasure's smiling train ; 

Hate, fear, and grief, the family of pain ; 

Which, mixed with art, and to dueibounds confined, 

Make and maintain the balance of the mind : 

The lights and shades, whose well accorded strife 

Give all the strength and color of our life." 

Secondly. Partial Genius, proves that the mind has 
a plurality of faculties. 

That the mind does not act as an unit, or as one pri- 
mary power, the whole mind being necessary to the per- 
formance of each and every mental operation ; is now 
very generally admitted. 

If this were so, every person should manifest an equal 
amount of talent upon all subjects. Each student should 
succeed equally well in every department of literature and 
science. The poet, should be as good a painter, sculp- 
tor, mechanic, musician, mathematician, or orator; and 
every orator should be a poet; every mathematicians 
sculptor, and every mechanic, a musician, &.c, but, 
Benjamin West painted without instruction, and against 
the wishes and threats of his parents and teachers ; Mo- 



PLURALITY OF FACULTIES AND ORCANS. 13 

fcart composed music at the age of four years ; Watts, 
Pope, and others, composed good poetry when children, 
and Watt-, while Ins father was in the act of whipping 
liim for rhyming, begged for mercy in poetic language. 
Zerah Colburn, calculated numhers with astonishing 
celerity ; was a genius in that ; hut never manifested su- 
periority in other respects; and Patrick Henry, was an 
orator hy nature. These examples are sufficient to show, 
that some minds, are either all poetry, mechanism, sculp- 
ture, oratory, Sec, or else that the mind is possessed of a 
plurality of faculties, and that a very great endowment of 
one faculty or class of faculties, constitutes the genius; 
and these faculties modified in infinite variety, give all 
the diversity of character and talents, that distinguish the 
different members of the human race. 

Thirdly. Partial insanity, as well as partial genius, 
also proves that the mind has many distinct faculties. 

Some persons are insane on the subject of property, 
and imagine that they possess all the wealth in the world. 
In Dec. IS33, one of the authors, (Mr. Buell,) examined 
the head of a lady near Philadelphia, who imagined that 
she owned the city, and that the Girard College was be- 
ing built for her special accommodation. Converse with 
her for hours on any other subject and she was perfectlj 
rational and intelligent, and no one would discover the 
slightest aberration of intellect; but, speak of houses and 
lands, and she would lay claim to the whole universe and 
pretend to own it all. In the same year, a man resided 
in the town of Darby, six miles from Philadelphia, who 
was insane on the same subject, and perfectly sane on all 
others. lie imagined that the United States'crovernment 
owed him $203,000, and he annually visited Washing- 
ton and conversed with the President, Messrs. Clay, Cal- 
houn, and others, on the subject of his claim. In Suf- 
field, Conn., there is a lady who is very intelligent, and 
sane on all subjects but that of property. She thinks 
she owns every farm in town, and directs her conduct 
and conversation accordingly. 

There is at this moment^Dec. 7th, 1842,) in the Court 
Mouse at \\ oodstock, Vt., a voung woman who accumu- 
lated some property in the factories at Lowell, Mass., 
2 



14 PLURALITY OF FACULTIES AND ORGANS. 

which, by some means she has lost. She became insane 
on that subject, and regularly attends the courts, alledg- 
ing that a certain person has obtained her property by 
fraud, and she thinks her cause is in court, at which she 
expects to recover her property.. The Rev. Mr. Packer 
of Mount Holley, Vt., related to us the following fact- 
He visited the Vermont Insane Hospital at Brattleboro', 
and held an animated conversation with a fine lookincr 
gentleman in one of the rooms, and on retiring, inquired 
of a third person, who the gentleman was, with whom he 
had been conversing, and why he was in the hospital 1 
The person replied, "go back and ask him, who ought to 
be President of the United States." He did so, and the 
man raved in a moment and said, "/, 2, ought lo be Pres- 
ident," showing a disease of the organ of self esteem. 

In 1839, one of the writers, (Mr. Buell) examined the 
head of a lady in Madison, Geauga (now Lake) County, 
Ohio, who imagined that she had committed the unpar~ 
donable sin, and that for her, there was no hope. The 
organs of Caution and Conscientiousness were very large, 
and Hope but moderately developed. She was sane on 
every subject but that of religion, which indicated a dis- 
ease of Conscientiousness. 

We examined the head of a man in the Alms house of 
the city of Wilmington, Del. in J840,who had predominant 
self-esteem, who openly declared that he was the Su- 
preme Being, and hence, would put forth no effort for a 
livelihood. 

Dr. Rockwell, Superintendent of the Vermont Insane 
Hospital, related to us in July 1842, many interesting 
cases of partial insanity, proving the truth of the plural- 
ity of the mental faculties. 

'Of fulle raisonnanle, Pinel thus speaks :' — "Hospitals 
for the insane are never without some examples of mania, 
marked by acts of extravagance, or even of fury, with a 
kind of judgment preserved in all its integrity, if we judge 
of it by the conversation ; the lunatic gives the most just 
and precise answers to the questions of the curious ; no 
incoherence of ideas is discernible; he reads and writes 
letters as if his understanding were perfectly sound ; and 
yet, by a singular contrast, he tears in pieces his clothes 



PLURALITY OF FACULTIES AND ORGANS. 15 

and bod covers, and always finds sonic plausible reason 
CO justify bis wandering and fury. This sort of mania is 
so Tar from rare, that the vulgar name of folit rui<nn- 
nan'e has been given to it."— p. 98. 'Another equally 
interesting From the same author may be cited.' 

"It is difficult to conceive," says he, "the nature of one 
species of alienation of mind. It consists, as it were, of 
a combination of reason and extravagance, of discern- 
ment and actual delirium, which appear so inconsistent 
as reciprocally to exclude each other. One lunatic, whose 
malady is of seven years' standing, is perfectly aware of 
his state, and forms as sound a judgment of it, as if it 
were a thing which did not immediately concern himself. 
He tries to make efforts to free himself from it; but, on 
the other hand, he is convinced that it is incurable. If 
any one remarks the incoherence in his ideas in his talk- 
ing, he readily acknowledges it, but answers, that bis in- 
clination overpowers him so mucb, that he cannot but 
submit He adds, that he does notguarantee the sound- 
ness of the judgments which he forms, but that it is not 
in his power to rectify them. He believes, for example, 
that if he wiped his nose, that organ would remain in his 
handkerchief; that if he shaved himself, he must of ne- 
cessity cut his throat, and that, at the first attempt to 
walk, his leers would break like glass. He sometimes 
subjects himself to rigorous abstinence for several days, 
under the impression, that if he took aliments, they would 
suffocate him. What are we to think of an aberration 
of intellect so regular and so singular ?" p. 94. § 

The records of insane hospitals would furnish volumes 
of facts such as these, showing partial alienation of the 
mental powers. How can we reconcile these facts with 
the idea, that one organ manifests all the mental func- 
tions? If so, why does that organ manifest one, but not 
every faculty? 

Fourthly, Dreaming, or incomplete sleep, is inconsis- 
tent with the supposition that the mind is but one special 
faculty ; for, it would be as a whole, either awake or asleep 
at the same time. An imperfect state of sleep, must be 

§Combe's System of Phrenology, Boston Ed. p. 17—18. 



16 



PLURALITY OF FACULTIES AND ORGANS. 



accounted for on the hypothesis of a plurality of mental 
faculties; else, our dreams should be as consistent as our 
wakeful reflections; in fact, there could no such phenom- 
enon as dreaming take place. 

Fijthly. Partial idiocy, often occurs where the per- 
son manifests one, or more of the mental powers in an ex- 
traordinary degree, while destitute, to a very great extent 
of power to manifest all the rest. The talents which 
such persons manifest are as various as the faculties of 
the mind. Some have the talent for music. We have 
the skull of such an one, and the organ of tune is large 
and the skull very thin over the organ, and very thick in 
other places, showing an activity of that part of the brain. 
Some are kind, others cruel. 

At Bland-ford, Mass., there resides a person with whom 
we are well acquainted, who has a small head and is des- 
titute of common sense, and has always been under guar- 
dianship; yet he possesses the talent of chronological 
memory in a state of- perfection, unequalled by any man 
of our acquaintance, and perhaps in the union. At Al- 
stead, N. H., in the summer oi* 184-2, we examined the 
head of a nam who lias an excellent memory of events 
and localities, a fair talent for music, some mechanical 
ability and a great love of property, yet he does not know 
what things are valuable, knows no difference between a 
dollar and a cent, is called a fool and cannot take care 
of himself. His head indicates his true character. 

Sixthly. The diversity of human character and tal- 
ents, presents to the daily observer sufficient proof on this, 
point. How often do persons of good general ability, 
complain of a want of some kind of memory, say of cok 
ors, (see the adaptation of the organ of color) places, 
countenances, names, verbal memory or want of lan- 
guage, events, dates, &c, or a want of the talent for mu- 
sic, mechanism, or the power to compute by numbers. 
The celebrated Mr. Geo. Combe, stated in his lectures 
at N. York, "that he never could learn the multiplication 
table." Now, it is true that he is an educated man, has 
practiced law for more than twenty years, and all who 
have read his writings will pronounce him a philosopher, 
and yet a boy of five years qf age is his superior in res*. 



PLURALITY OF ORGANS. 17 

pcct to numbers ; indeed, if all his faculties were as weak 
as this, he would be idiotic. 

Thus facts and arguments might he multiplied ad in- 
finitum, showing ihe impregnability of our present posi- 
tion. Why is there such mental phenomena as partial 
genius, partial insanity, partial idiocy, dreaming and the 
general diversity of character and talents? They can be 
accounted for on no other ground than the plurality of 
the mental faculties, and the possibility of possessing a 
strong endowment of one or more of the faculties, con- 
temporarily with all the others deficient. 

Plurality of the mental organs. 

Since the brain is the organ of the mind and as it has 
been shown, the mind is not a distinct power, but com- 
posed of a plurality of faculties, and also, that in the 
corporeal organization, no one organ is known to per- 
form more than one office or function ; it follows by par- 
ity of reasoning, that the brain is a congeries of organs, 
equal in number to the faculties of the mind; that each 
organ of the brain is constituted the special agent for the 
manifestation of its appropriate and distinct mental power. 

The heads of the two sexes are unlike in shape which 
the observer readil/ discovers. The love of children 
which predominates in females is always observed to be 
concomitant with an elongation of the back part of the 
head. (See cuts.) Similar evidence is afforded m res- 
pect to all the several organs which are considered as es- 
tablished, as well as by observing the different classes of 
organs. 

Such men as Franklin, Cuvier, Bacon, Locke, Bona- 
parte, Finney and Webster, are largely developed in the 
forehead; while men of inferior minds down to perfect 
idiots have a small anterior development. Compnre the 
high upward development of Melancthon and Gall, in 
contrast with that of Pope Alexander VI, and morality, 
or the want of it, will he found to accompany the two 
story, and the one story heads. When the head is very 
broad at its base in proportion to its height, resembling 
that of the tiger and other carnivorous animals, we find 
2* 



18 SIZE A MEASURE OF POWER. 

the animal propensities predominant in the character. 
Moreover, different faculties of the mind appear at dif- 
ferent periods of life, and one by one becomes weakened, 
or disappears in age, while others remain entire. Patho- 
logical evidence may be cited in proof of the plurality of 
the mental organs. Numerous instances are on record, 
where injuries have been received upon particular por- 
tions of the head, thereby producing an unnatural ac- 
tion of the faculties,, whose organs were injured. We 
beg to refer the reader to "Fowler's Review of Dr. Ham- 
ilton's lecture" in the Phrenological Journal, Vol. IY. r>. 
87, also a statement of the case of E. Sprague, of Deer- 
field, Mass., by the authors, Phren. Jour. Vol. IV, p. 207. 

III. Size (ccetevis paribus) is a measure of power. 

This principle holds good in respect to all bodies com- 
posed of the same kind of material. The strength of 
iron and wood, or any other substance, is calculated by 
its size; but, when the conditions are unequal, an allow- 
ance is made for the inequality, to arrive at the true or 
comparative power of the object. 

Large vital organs, or a large muscular system in man 
and animals, is a measure of vital and muscular energy. 
Select fifty men of large size, indiscriminately, and fifty 
who are only of medium size, and the large ones will uni- 
formly possess a majority of physical power. The same 
experiment would produce a similar result respecting the 
size of heads. If the brain be the organ of mind, and size 
as a general Paw is a measure of power, then, the larger the 
brain, the more powerful should be the mental manifesta- 
tions. When we compare the brain of birds and quad- 
rupeds, we find mental sagacity in proportion to the size 
of brain compared with the gross bulk of the animal. — 
The fox, as has before been observed, has four times as 
much brain as the woodchuk, while their bodies are 
nearly equal in size, but the mental sagacity is vastly 
different. 

Those species of dogs which are very sagacious, have 
a much larger brain in front, than those which are stupid 
and untractable. The brain of the turkey is one third 



SIZE A MEASURK OF I'OWER. 10 

less in size than that of the crow, and all know the stu- 
pidity of the former, and the sagacity ot the latter. We 
have, in our cabinet, the skull of a large Maryland horse, 
which weighed fourteen hundred pounds, and the cere- 
bral cavity contains only oncpint. We measured the skull 
of a man of common size, who probably did not exceed 
one hundred and fifty pounds in weight, and it contained 
four pints. Thus, man possesses more than thirty seven 
times as much brain as the horse, in proportion to his ab- 
solute bulk, which is, on phrenological principles, a suffi- 
cient solution of the question, why man has more intel- 
lectual capacity than beasts; by which power he is ena- 
bled to control them. Moreover, those convolutions of 
brain which correspond to the organs of reflection in 
man. are wanting in the lower animals. 

We have noticed, that those men who have arisen to 
distinction in the learned professions, or in great civil 
and moral reformations, have had large sized heads. In 
the executive and legislative departments of our govern- 
ment, a person with a head below the full size, cannot be 
found, and the most distinguished, have very large heads, 
sustained by amply developed vital organs. If superiori- 
ty of intellect, is not dependent upon a large amount of 
active brain, how docs it happen, that all great men have 
large heads, or a large development in the frontal or in- 
tellectual department of the brain ; while idiots, have very- 
small heads, and men of feeble intellect have inferior 
foreheads? 

This doctrine, is most clearly exemplified by compar- 
ing the heads of the different nations of the earth. Com- 
pare the head of the European, with that of the Hindoo, 
the Chinese, the New Hollander, or the Peruvian Indi- 
an, and it will solve the questions, why an hundred mil- 
lions of the Hindoos, are kept in subjection by fifty 
thousand Englishmen; why England with a few, has 
hewed her way into the heart of China ; why a few Span- 
iards conquered a whole nation of the Peruvian Indians; 
why the Spaniards jailed to conquer the Seminole Indi- 
ans in Florida; and why the United States have strug- 
gled against them for the last eight years with such ill 
success. An observation of the size and shape of their 



20 SIZE, A MEASURE OF POWER. 

heads, explains all, while it pours a flood of light upon 
the national character and condiiion of the different 
classes of mankind. 

Those Indian tribes, which, in this country, have been 
easily conquered by the colonists, have heads of moder- 
ate size, with diminutive foreheads ; while the reverse is 
true of those, who have disputed every inch of ground, 
and fallen dead on the outer verge of their hunting 
grounds. Moreover, those nations who, by their intel- 
lect and energy of character, are enabled to sway the po- 
litical destiny of the world, will be found possessing over 
the conquered and controlled, a superior cerebral devel- 
opment. When it is objected that circumstances give 
power in the field as well as in the council; we reply, 
that the love of family and fireside, is imparted by special 
organs of the brain, and that those feelings were aroused 
in the Anglo Americans, in their struggles for indepen- 
dence, Vho were spurred forward to the dread and une- 
qual conflict by the deep seat, and high excitement of 
these, the strongest of the human feelings, which un- 
sheathed the sword, and gave success over a hireling sol- 
diery, who fought for the empty name of king, a feeble 
rallying cry to, our wives, children, and native land. 

It is as natural for persons with large heads, to rise to 
distinction among those, whose circumstances in other 
respects are similar, as it is for water to obey the law of 
gravitation, and seek the ocean. Humiliating as it may- 
be, it is not the less true, that persons having small heads, 
may try to rise to eminence, but they, 

"With weaker wing, unearthly fluttering make," 

exhibit their imbecility, and sink back to their proper 
level. In the savage state, (especially among the aborig- 
ines of this country) personal prowess and bravery in 
war, is the criterion of distinction; hence, the chiefs, 
have much larger heads than the people of their tribes 
generally. Red Jacket, Black Hawk, and Big Thunder, 
are examples. In a republic like ours, talent, and not 
heirship, is requisite to distinction, and the heads of our 
Presidents, will be found to be larger, than any equal 



SIZE, A MEASURE OF POWER. 



21 



consecutive number of foreign Potentates. Cromwell 
and Napoleon arose by their talents ; their heads were 
enormously large. 

Another view in proof of this doctrine, is furnished 
bj the size of various portions of the head. Some men 
have strong intellectual and moral powers, but lack force 
of character. Such are largely developed in the superi- 
or and anterior portions of the head, with a deficiency 
in the basilar and posterior regions. This was true of 
Melancthon, and he was a superior scholar and reasoner, 
eminently pious, mild and persuasive. Luther, his asso- 
ciate in the reformation, when he said, "I clear the 
ground and Melancthon scatters the good seed," and, 
"Oh ! if I had a voice of thunder, every word should be 
like a fiery bolt, against the corruptions of the church," 
evinced an energy, which was never possessed by the for- 
mer. His portraits show a large head, and a great 
amount of brain in the basilar region, which corresponds 
with his character, and explains the difference between 
the two Reformers. The middle lobe of the brain of the 
American Indian, is enormously developed, and he is sly, 
treacherous, cruel, proud and stubborn ; showing size to 
be a measure of power, in the region of the organs of 
Destructiveness, Secretiveness, Cautiousness, Self-Es- 
teem and Firmness. (See cut of Big Thunder.) The 
reverse in character and development is true of the Hin- 
doo, except in respect to the organs of Cautiousness and 
Veneration, and both, are timid and very devotional. 
Again ; the reasoning organs are moderate in the head 
of the American Indian, and the white man out-generals 
him ; but had he reflection equal to his force and power, 
no people could successfully lift the hatchet against him. 

Thus, it will be seen, that this proposition is sustained, 
when we view the brain as a whole, or in respect to the 
several classes of organs ; and we may add, that when 
any one or more organs are large in a small head, or 
when, in a large head, an organ or a class of organs is 
small, the mental power corresponding to those extremes, 
is strong or weak accordingly. This view of the subject 
accounts for partial genius, and partial idiocy, as se( 
forth in our second proposition. 



22 SIZE, A MEASURE OF POWER. 

There are several conditions which modify the effects 
of size. These are, the health, fineness of texture and 
the compactness, activity and strength of the brain, which 
is produced by large and healthy vital organs, and a well 
developed system throughout. In the first place, in order 
that size of brain may be relied upon as a just criterion 
of mental power, it is essential that the person be in a 
state of health; shall have inherited no disease of brain 
or body, which affect the brain. We sometimes meet 
a person with a large head, who is semi-idiotic. 
On inquiry it is found, that the person when a child had 
been subject to fits, or the rickets; that the parents were 
intemperate, or insane ; that the head is enlarged by hy- 
drocephalic disease; that some severe sickness has been 
experienced ; some deleterious drug has paralyzed the 
brain, or that some blow has been received which has 
affected it. But say some, "we know persons, who 
have good sized heads, and yet, they have been fools 
from birth." To such a remark, it might be replied, that 
some persons have natural distortions, or deficiencies of 
body, or limbs, colored tumors, or spots upon the face, 
&,c, which are referable to causes beyond the reach of 
demonstration; but no one will call such freaks of na- 
ture, good specimens of her handy work ; or a large brain, 
a healthy, or natural one, which does not manifest mind, 
even though no natural cause can be assigned for the 
condition which nature has given it. 

In the second place, the temperament is sometimes ex- 
tremely unfavorable to the mental manifestations. If the 
brain be sluggish, we might as well expect that a wagon- 
wheel made of chestnut timber, will compare in strength 
with one of the same size constructed of stanch white 
oak, as to expect mental activity and strength, from a 
person whose body and brain are of that soft and sluggish 
character which is produced by a strong predominance 
of the lymphatic temperament. The doctrine, that size 
is a measure of power, (other conditions equal,) stands 
unscathed, when we make due allowance for the condU 
tions. This brings us to the consideration of the tern* 

o 

peraments. 



TEMPERAMENTS. 23 



IV. Temperaments. 

The word temperament, is used to express a certain 
condition of 1 lie body; or the consititution of the physi- 
cal apparatus, embracing the texture, compactness, activi- 
ty and strength of the system. 

Physiologists recognize four temperaments, to wit : the 
Sanguine, the Bilious, the Nervous and Lymphatic or 
Phlegmatic. 

The Vital organs, including the heart, lungs, blood 
vessels, &c, constitute the Sanguine temperament : the 
frame-work of the system, including the bones and mus- 
cles, the Bilious : the Brain and Nervous system, the 
Nervous or Mental temperament : and the Glands and 
Digestive organs, the Lymphatic or Phlegmatic temper- 
ament. 

We seldom find the temperaments pure. There is 
generally a mixture of two or more, in every person. 
Some possess an equal proportion of all the temperaments, 
which is the most favorable balance; but more fre- 
quently, one or two are found existing in great predom- 
inance. Webster has a predominance of the Bil- 
ious ; Clay of the Sanguine ; Calhoun, Jackson and Wise, 
of the Nervous ; each, having a mixture of the other. 

The temperaments are distinguished by external signs, 
including the complexion, and the proportion that one 
part of the system bears to others. 

Sanguine. The Sanguine temperament, is produced 
by the predominance of the vital organs and arterial sys- 
tem, and is indicated by a ruddy complexion, light or 
sandy hair, light or blue eyes, a glowing countenance, a 
strong and rapid pulse, a large chest compared with the 
head and abdominal viscera. 

It gives bodily activity, a love of exercise in the open 
air, great zeal and ardor ; a general buoyancy and a 
strong current of animal feelings. Persons of this tem- 
perament are usually averse to sedentary employments or 
close study. 



24 TEMPERAMENTS. 

Bilious. The preponderance of the muscular portion 
of the physical system, produces the bilious temperament; 
which is characterized by an athletic frame ; firm flesh; 
a harsh outline of features; coarse, dark hair and skin; 
and a strong, steady pulse. It imparts energy and 
strength of mind and body; and power to endure great 
mental and physical labor. 

Nervous. The predominance of the brain and 7ier+ 
vous system, gives rise to this temperament, which is in- 
dicated by a large brain, moderate sized vital organs, a 
thin skull, lightness of bones, small muscles, fine hair, 
thin clear skin, brilliant eyes, and sharp, pointed features. 
This produces great excitability and activity of the men- 
tal powers, a disposition to sedentary habits and a passion 
for mental labor, but weakness of the physical powers. 

Lymphatic. This condition of the system is pro- 
duced by a preponderance of the glands and digestive 
organs. It is indicated by corpulency, roundness of 
form, paleness of the countenance, dullness of the eyes, 
ash colored hair, softness of muscles, and inexpressive 
countenance. The brain partakes of the quality of the 
whole constitution, and produces coolness of passions, 
and moderate physical and mental manifestations. 

Persons of this temperament, like case better than 
effort, and usually seek it. 

Marking of the Temperaments. 

When all the temperaments are marked equally, the 
person will partake of the bodily and mental qualities of 
each, in an equal degree; but, if one be marked 6, and 
another 3, it shows, that double the amount of one tem- 
perament is possessed over another. The Nervous be- 
ing marked 7, indicates great mental activity — the 
Lymphatic 7, great sluggishness. All the temperaments 
being marked 3, would indicate a fair share of activity ; 
but the person having this combination with a large 
head, will not manifest much brilliancy of intellect. The 
Bilious, Sanguine, and Nervous being marked 6, indi- 
cate, that the person has activity, and strength of mind 
and body, and the power of enduring great hardship. 



PHYSICAL EDUCATION. 

The doctrine of the temperaments, then, as understood 
bv phrenologist-, is founded on the relative size of particu- 
lar or - the brain, lungs, &x., and 
of the complexion, color of the hair and eyes, together 
with ; gtb, or weakness of the pulse, and hardfN 
muscle. No principle of phrenology is more important 
than that of the temperaments. This will appeal evident 
when we reflect that the human system is composed of 
umber of organs, all of which are necessary to 
complete the man ; and a want or disease of any one 
part, is not only derogatory to physical power, but also 
to strength of mind. Although the brain is the organ of 
the mind, still, even where it is perfect, and of large size, 
if the other parts of the physical system are weak or 
-ed, a derangement or want of mental power will 
be the inevitable result. The temperaments may be 
changed, or essentially modified, and a balance produced 
by attending to the laws by which they are governed. 

BALANCE OF TEMPERAMENT, OR PHYSICAL EDUCATION. 

The more equally the several temperaments are found 
to exist in an individual, the less liable will that person 
be to disease, and the more perfect will be the develop- 
ment of the whole character. But this balance does not 
always exist, which leads us to inquire, how a change can 
be accomplished? If a person has too much of the 
Lymphatic temperament, let him live sparingly, be strict- 
ly temperate, and exercise much, at some active employ- 
ment in the open air, and study standing, or walking. 

This will excite and enlarge the Nervous, Bilious, and 
Sanguine systems, and produce a balance. Has a person 
too much of the Bilious, let him work less, and think and 
study more, or let his labor be such as requires less manual 
strength, than activity and thought But, there is more 
t r, from a strong predominance of the Nervous temp- 
erament, which, like pulmonary consumption, is a rlatter- 
nd deceitful condition. Why are persons of the 
most brilliant intellect, the early victims of disease and 
death ? All have observed, that those children, who 
3 



2(5 PHYSICAL EDUCATION. 

seize upon education intuitively, and become prodigies in 
intellect, rarely arrive at maturity ; but, like a fitful comet, 
astonish the world by a sudden glare, and sink in starless 
night. The following case, will illustrate this subject, 
and give a key to the many sore afflictions, which now 
blast the fondest hopes of devoted parental love. 

While lecturing at the city of Washington, in the 
spring of 1841, one of the writers, (N. Sizer,) was invited 
to visit the family of Mr. Klinehanse, for the purpose of 
examining the head of their only child, a boy some five 
years old. I at once recognized m him, the Nervous tem- 
perament. His head was larger than that of common 
men, and measured more in circumference than his chest. 
His arms were very slender, his lungs small, pulse fee- 
ble, and the whole system except the head, frail and 
diminutive: in fact, he looked like a sickly, or half star- 
ved child. His eyes were large and very brilliant, his 
skin thin and transparent. 

The first remark which I made, was, this boy must 
dig, or die. "Why?"said the anxious father. Because, 
he has a purely Nervous temperament, and the brain be- 
ing the largest and most active part of his system, will 
lead him to think and study, and be averse to physical 
exercise : that the brain will rob the body of nourishment 
and the heart and lungs are so small and feeble, that they 
cannot sustain health and life. "What must we do with 
him?" Let him think and study less, and exercise more. 

"But," says the father, "we can't make him exercise at 
all, as other children do ; he will not play with them ; 
never engages in their sports, but sits down with his 
books and reads, or asks questions, or listens to the con- 
versation of adults, from morning till eleven o'clock at 
night. He eats and sleeps but little, and we can't in- 
duce him to play : he knows all the poetry that his moth- 
er and aunt can repeat, and when he can do nothing 
else, he urges them to read to him, that he may learn to 
repeat it, and his mother reads him to sleep every night." 

But this course must be changed. "Tell how," said 
the father,"and it shall be done." Has he a little wheel- 
barrow? "No." Then get one made for him, and a lit- 



PHYSICAL EDUCATION. 



27 



tie shovel to match, and get a cartman to deposite in 
your vard, ■ load of fresh earth, and then induce him to 
shovel it up, and wheel it across the yard daily. 

About four weeks after this, as I was passing the gen- 
tleman's house, he invited me to stop and see the boy. 
The wheel-barrow had been procured, and pleased the 
child admirably, for he thought it was man's business to 
use it. Every day for three weeks, had he transported 
the heap of earth across the yard; and when he entered 
the house from his pleasing task, I saw the glow of return- 
ing health mantling his cheek, and his step was more 
elastic and firm. What are his habits noiv 1 I inquired. 

"O !" replied the delighted mother, "he has n't called 
for a book for two* weeks ; he is very industrious, can't 
afford to lose a moment till his daily task is done, and 
instead of eating little, and sitting up till eleven o'clock, 
he eats as much in a day as he before ate in three, and 
frequently falls asleep at the tea-table." Pursue this 
course, said I, and keep books from him till he gets a 
constitution established, and if at twelve, or sixteen, you 
find the muscular and vital systems to be as strong and 
active as the nervous, then, let his study and exercise be 
equal, and with his large and active brain, he cannot 
fail to become a scholar and an intellectual man. 

The law of exercise, as set forth in our fifth general 
proposition, is the theory of producing the wonderful 
change in this boy, and may be applied in all similar 
cases to obtain a balance of the temperaments ; that is to 
say, exercise the weak parts, and let the strong and ab- 
sorbing ones rest, and they will become equalized. 

The doating parent often crowds forward a precocious 
child; (and it is so, because of the predominance of the 
nervous temperament) encourages it to study and get 
double lessons ; shows it off and boasts of its extra ac- 
quirements, while a host of relatives and friends apply 
the unction of flattery in view of the future prospects of 
the child, and it is finally determined to push him through 
college and into a profession, at an early day, because 
he is delicate and cannot do hard work, and because he 
is so very fond of books. 

Such a youth may live to take the highest honors of 



28 PHYSICAL EDUCATION. 

college, and settle in a profession ; but while the world 
looks on admiring the brilliancy of his genius, his glory 
is eclipsed by pulmonary consumption, or some kindred 
disease, and he sinks to an early grave, amid the sighs of 
an expectant community, and the only consolation 
which is generally invoked, is that, "whom the Gods love, 
die young," and "The Lord gave, and the Lord hath ta- 
ken away," &c, and the bereavement is looked upon as 
a special dispensation of Divine Providence. We will 
not say that this is blasphemy, but, that it is its nearest 
neighbor, and ignorance is the only mantle for such a sin. 

This young man has been murdered, (unintentionally 
and ignorantly we allow,) to gratify the vanity or ambi- 
tion of his doating parents and fond friends. He has 
been induced to neglect that physical exercise without 
which, (till the corner stone of the laws of God is re- 
moved) health cannot be enjoyed, and he has been pres- 
sed into the opposite extreme of mental labor, and by 
these means he has not only neglected to build a consti- 
tution, but torn down what little nature had imparted, 
and then this work of desolation, is sacrilegiously char- 
ged upon the bountiful Giver of all good. 

The laws of life and health are as immutable as the 
pillars of heaven, and can no more be violated with impu- 
nity, than the law of gravitation or the law of fire, or air. 
He, who fixed those laws, and gave man senses and intel- 
lect to understand, and ability to obey them, will not, (and 
cannot consistently with Himself) reverse any one of 
them, to accommodate those, who wilfully or ignorantly 
transgress them ; hence, the folly, not to say guilt, of 
charging the results of our pride and ignorance, to the 
special inflictions of Providence, when in fact, it is only 
the general and inevitable penalty of the infraction of the 
natural laws. "My ways are equal, are not your ways 
unequal?" 

The thoracic region, embracing the vital organs, is the 
fire-place of life; the main-spring of the human system, 
and no person can enjoy health, and manifest greatness 
of mind and attain to 'green old age,' without a large 
chest as well as a large brain. Our great men, have 
ehests of enormous magnitude, especially those of advan-. 



LAWS OF HEALTH. 20 

cod age and superior talents. Jolin Quincy Adams, is a 
short man, but his chest is large* John ( . Calhoun and 
lleurv CltJ, though tall and apparently slim, have very 

T. H. Benton, N. P. Tallmadge, Wright, 
Preston, Buchanan, and all of the most distin- 
guished lawyers and divines whom we have seen, have, 
Sam "I L. Southard once said to Mr. Fowler 
of himself,) "chest* like a cider barrel.''' Look abroad in 
community, and when you see a person of strong mind, 
strong constitution, great physical power, good health 
and longevity ; those qualities will be found accompa- 
nied with an amply expanded chest. 

In view of this, it can hardly be necessary to say; give 
the heart and lungs room for full and free play ; and not, 
by any artificial means, cramp those organs upon the 
free exercise of which, life, health, and happiness depend. 

Fashion, rules the world, and women rule the fashions, 
and when it becomes fashionable to know our own 
nature and obey its laws, it will then be fashionable to 
enjoy health, and as ungenteel to have delicate health, as 
the reverse is now fashionable. 

When we look abroad upon mankind, and witness the 
pain, sickness, and suffering to which they are subject, 
two things naturally suggest themselves ; 1st, that the 
Creator designed that man should be miserable while on 
earth, or 2ndly, that man has transgressed those laws, the 
observance of which, are necessary to happiness. Jus- 
tice to an All-wise Creator compels us to say, that the 
first proposition is erroneous. Superstition may cavil 
upon this point, but enlightened intellect speaks a differ- 
ent language from ignorance. There are individuals, 
who live to old age ; enjoy perfect health through the 
whole period of their existence, and finally sink into the 
grave without a struggle or a groan. They die, because 
their physical organization has literally worn itself out, 
and not in consequence of any particular disease. This 
is a fact which no one can deny, and it proves, that such 
might be the case with all, if they have inherited a good 
constitution and understand, and obey the laws of health. 

It may be proper to remark, that, no rational man sup- 
poses that the present generation can, by following the 
3* 



30 LAWS OF HEALTH. 

most rigid rules of temperance, live to old age, entirety 
free from pain and sickness. And the reason is obvious. 
All have not inherited from their parents, a healthy con- 
stitution. In the further elucidation of this subject, the 
causes of disease, demand our attention. 

These are, first, the hereditary transmission of weak 
vital organs, from parents to children, and a consequent 
liability to disease ; 2ndly, intemperance, and 3rdly, too 
great, or too little exercise. 

The first proposition, viz. the hereditary transmission 
of disease, or of weak vital organs from parents to chil- 
dren, is too often overlooked, when we witness the sick- 
ness and consequent misery of our fellow men. We fre- 
quently meet with persons laboring under some chronic 
disease, and almost continually groaning with pain. — 
Some suppose them to be suffering for crimes committed 
against high heaven, and look upon their misfortunes as 
dispensations of Providence, to show the worthlessness of 
the present world, and the necessity of being prepared for 
a state of eternal beatitude. But if we inquire into the 
causes of their pains, we shall find in numerous instances 
that they have inherited their diseases from their parents. 
If they have not, some indiscretion of their own, either 
from ignorance or a known violation of the laws of healthy 
has brought upon themselves the pains they feel. Cases 
are not unfrequent, where a whole family of children, one 
by one, as they arrive at maturity, fall victims to con- 
sumption, having inherited weak lungs from their progen- 
itors, and a consequent predisposition to this fatal malady. 
Such being the case, it follows of course, that, until 
diseased persons shall cease to become parents, sickness 
and suffering will exist in the world, and man wil} be 
called a creature of misfortune. By diseased persons we 
mean those, who are predisposed to pulmonary consump- 
tion, scrofula, gout, insanity, &c. Setting aside, there- 
fore, those who have inherited some malady from their 
parents, we conclude, that the remainder can, by know- 
ing, and obeying the laws of health, live to old age with- 
out suffering from disease, and like a well trimmed lamp, 
gradually waste away, until the oil of life shall have be- 
come extinct. 



LAWS or HEALTH. 31 

Secondly. We now come to the second cause of dis- 
ease, which is intemperance. By intemperance, we do 
not mean the immoderate use of spiritous liquors merely; 
but the * indulgence ill any kind of aliment, or of 

the passions. Many, who call themselves temperate, be- 
cause they abstain entirely from the use of spiritous li- 
quors, indulge in excesses equally fatal to health, if not 
to happiness. Sickness, of an aggravated character, is 
often caused by overloading the stomacb with food, and 
thus paralyzing the healthy function of that organ. The 
injurious effects of ardent spirits upon the stomach, and 
the consequent derangement of the nervous system in 
general, and the brain in particular, are too well known 
to need comment. 

It must be evident to every reflecting mind, that no 
rifles in regard to diet, can be given, which will apply in- 
discriminately, to every individual. The science of Phys- 
iology, and the effect of different kinds of food, upon dif- 
ferent constitutions, should be well understood, and must 
be, before mankind can escape disease. Every person, 
therefore, should understand his own physical organiza- 
tion, and make use of such food, as will suit it, and in- 
sure health. Those with a predominance of the Nervous 
temperament, should abstain entirely from all stimulating 
drinks ; use a plain diet, and if of sedentary habits, eat 
sparingly. "The temperance society, on the tee-total 
principle is their best friend, and a good cook their worst 
enemy." 

A person with the Bilious temperament, can follow a 
different course of living, and indulge in many luxuries 
with impunity, which would be very injurious to one hav- 
ing the Nervous constitution. But let the temperament 
be ever so favorable to health, we would still recommend 
a plain diet. The savage of the forest, has no luxuries, 
and his iron constitution, sustained by a simple diet, ena- 
bles him to endure much hardship ; live to old age, and 
like the setting sun, when no lowering cloud obscures the 
horizon, and the elements are all hushed to peace, lays 
down his noble frame in the sleep of death. The first 
settlers of New England, were larger and stronger, and 
enjoyed better health than their posterity, who live upon 



32 LAWS OF HEALTH. 

dainties, and consider themselves too good to labor. They 
lived on plain food, used simple medicines when sick, and 
labored hard, the female as well as the male. 

The last proposition, too great or too little exercise, 
remains to be considered. Here, also, as in diet, no gen- 
eral rules can be given, which will apply to every individ- 
ual case, A person with the Sanguine temperament, 
needs a much greater amount of exercise to insure health, 
than one with the Nervous. It is evident that man was 
designed by his Creator, to take a certain amount of ex- 
ercise regularly in order to secure good health. If he 
does not, he suffers the penalty for its neglect, which is 
disease, both of body and mind. The rich, violate the 
law of exercise by living in idleness, and wallowing in 
luxury ; and the poor by over exertion of their physical 
powers, occasioned, in numerous instances, by those, wfco 
have the command of their labor. The unequal division 
of labor which exists in all civilized countries, tends di- 
rectly to induce disease, and shorten life. 

"It has been computed," says Dr. Franklin, "by some 
political arithmeticians, that if every man and woman 
would work four hours each day on something useful, 
that labor, would produce sufficient to procure all the ne- 
cessaries and comforts of life; want and misery would be 
banished out of the world, and the rest of the twenty 
four hours might be leisure and pleasure." 

If all would use their time frugally upon some useful 
object, and the spirit of pride and vanity were annihilated, 
which now scourges the world, and makes man a slave of 
fashion, and of his propensities ; every child in Christen- 
dom might enjoy the advantages of a liberal education ; 
(for then it would not cost half as much as at present,) 
jails, penitentiaries, and poor-houses might be converted 
into habitations of honest freedom, or halls of science; 
and man might stand up redeemed from the thraldom of 
poverty, ignorance, and want, and the earth cease to de- 
serve the name of a vale of tears. 



EXERCISE ENLARGES THE BRAIN. 33 



V. Exercise. 

Exercise increases the size of the brain as a whole, 
and of each organ in particular. 

First. In the process of thought the brain is exer- 
cised, which produces a motion, as has been proved where 
the brain had been laid bare by some injury. When the 
person slept and did not dream, the brain was quiet; 
when awake, or dreaming, the brain was in active mo- 
tion, and sometimes when the mind was highly excited 
the brain protruded above the level of the skull at the ori- 
fice. This exercise, invites to the brain a larger amount 
of blood, than visits it when the mind is at rest ; for we 
notice that the head is frequently much warmer and suf- 
fers pain by the influx of blood when we are in deep, pro- 
tracted study. 

Secondly. Men of studious habits have larger heads, 
and especially larger for elieads, than those who have little 
intellectual exercise : and those who exercise the animal 
propensities most, are most developed at the base of the 
brain. 

Thirdly. Infants have small foreheads compared with 
the animal compartment of the brain. Thus nature fully 
supplies that part of the brain first, which is first wanted, 
it being unnecessary that the new born infant should 
reason before it can act ; but, as the child begins to no- 
tice objects and to think, the forehead, or region of the 
intellectual organs, increases in a rapid ratio, till the 
head becomes well balanced, and then, proper exercise of 
all the organs, would maintain that good balance, till the 
mind shall have arrived to its highest state of energy. 

But, says the objector, if the influx of blood to the 
brain causes its enlargement, how can one organ, say 
Destructiveness, become large by exercise and other parts 
remain small, when the arteries and veins are distributed 
through all the organs alike, and hence would be as like- 
ly to feed and enlarge the organ of Benevolence as De- 
structiveness 1 We will answer this question by employ- 
ing the Yankee prerogative. How are other parts of the 



34 EXERCISE ENLARGES THE BRAIN. 

system increased by exercise ? Why are the muscles lar- 
ger and stronger in the laboring, than in the sedentary, 
or professional man ? Why is the right arm of the black- 
smith larger and stronger than his left? Why are the 
arms and chests of sailors larger than their lower extrem- 
ities, in comparison with farmers ? Do they use their 
arms and chest more in climbing and at the windlass, 
than their lower limbs I Do they lift less than farmers, 
and pull more 1 Why are the inside of the hand, and sole 
of the foot more capable of endurance than the outside 
or top ? Are they so in infancy before they have been 
exercised ? Give a child no exercise, and will he not be 
a dwarf? Swing up one arm, and use the other, and al- 
though attached to a healthy body, would not one be small 
and weak, and the other large and strong, notwithstand- 
ing the blood vessels are equally numerous in each 1 

Let a Lawyer or Physician take an ax to the forest, 
and use it faithfully, and he will return at night with his 
hands blistered, and the muscles of his arms so deranged 
that he can with the utmost difficulty feed himself. Let 
him continue the labor for thirty days and then inquire 
after his hands and arms ; and he will tell you that nature 
has healed the blisters and coated the inside of his hands 
with a thick, hard skin, and strengthened and hardened 
the muscles of the arms and body, so that the labor is en- 
dured without difficulty. Now the blood vessels, which 
distribute nutriment to the arm, are minutely ramified in 
all parts of it, and if the objection be well founded, the 
skin on the outside of the hand, should be as thick as on 
the inside. Is it as thick ? 

Nature never deals out her bounties where they are 
not needed. A demand being made upon the arm or 
hand, she rushes to supply that demand, and the parts 
most in need of nourishment accrete from the blood as it 
passes, that which gives size and strength ; and in those 
parts where no special deposition is necessary, just enough 
of nourishment is left to keep the wheels of nature mov- 
ing, without any waste of the vital fluid. Apply this 
principle to the different parts of the brain and the objec- 
tion is answered. Moreover, numerous facts might be 
brought to bear on this subject, proving the increase by 



EXERCISE ENLARGES THE BRAIN. 98 

exorcise of the different organs of the head. The por- 
traits of Napoleon which were taken at different periods 
of his lift tfler he had arrived at his full size, (says Pro- 
Cha'fl Caldwell) arc vastly different in the size of 
the forehead. 

Dr. Scott of Buffalo, informed one of the authors in 
1839, that a man of that city, at the age of twenty three, 
changed his business for a mechanical pursuit. He had 
his head measured with callipers, (by the phrenological 
society of Buffalo,) in the region of Constructiveness at 
the time of entering upon the change. At the end of 
three years, a second measurement was made, and his 
head, was half an inch broader in the same region than 
at first ; while in other respects it had increased in size, 
very little, if any. The Phrenological Journal and other 
works, as well as our own experience abound with facts 
such as these which might be introduced if necessary, 
but we prefer in this place simply to say to those who 
have any faculty of the memory; or, s any of the moral 
sentiments, iveak ; begin to exercise them, and you will 
find that they will become stronger, and the organs lar- 
ger, and while you are proving upon yourself, the truth 
of our position, you will reap an ample reward. 

It is supposed by many, to be impossible for the brain 
to be enlarged as a whole, or in a particular part, after a 
person has attained to maturity of body. Such persons 
say, that the skull is hard and thick, and the brain soft, 
and hence, they cannot comprehend how the skull can be 
made to give way for the brain. As we have before re- 
marked, the brain is in motion when it is exercised by 
thought. When the activity of an organ ' of the brain, 
invites nourishment which expands it and thus requires 
more room, the bony matter of the skull is dissolved, ab- 
sorbed and carried into general circulation and new mat- 
ter deposited on the outside when necessary. The skull 
is not a prison house, but, a wall of defence to the brain ; 
and when it requires room in any particular place, or as 
a whole, nature supplies the means to produce the change, 
just as it imparts room to shell-jisk, &c. 



36 , EDUCATION. 



Education of children, and Self Improvement. 

If size of brain, be a measure of power, and if exercise 
imparts size and activity to the brain, and energy and 
strength to the mind \ it follows, that circumstances and 
training, have an important bearing upon the develop- 
ment and direction of the mind, and the individual and 
general well being of the human race. 

At the sound of the word education, every New Eng- 
land parent's soul bounds with interest and expectation, 
for here is the Plymouth Rock, here the cradle of liber- 
ty, here our sacred altars, here the means, and a desire 
to disseminate among the rising generation, permanent 
and general intelligence. The very foundation of this 
people and the bulwark of their institutions, have their 
basis upon general intelligence and our holy religion. 
Here and elsewhere, every enlightened parent feels an 
intense desire for the improvement and well being of their 
posterity ; this string being touched, its deep toned har- 
mony reverberates through the soul, and hence, churches, 
books, schools and instruction, abound throughout the 
length and breadth of Christendom. The main effort of 
the present and past, has been directed to the education 
of the intellect, and little has been known of the real na- 
ture of the propensities, and as little progress made in 
controlling them. It has been, and now is, too often con- 
sidered amply sufficient to develop and enlighten the in- 
tellect ; while the propensities are permitted to revel, with 
all the impetuosity of blind, animal passions. Expand the 
intellect of a vicious man, and you doubly arm him, "to 
scatter fire brands, arrows and death." 

The present mode of education is defective in many 
vital points ; else, why are not our great men, moral men ? 
The members of Congress are called, men of great edu- 
cation. Why, then, is the house of Representatives just- 
ly called a "bear-garden," "Gladiators Hall," &c? 
One has only to be a witness for a few weeks, of the pro- 
ceedings of congress, to see a subversion of transcend- 
ent talents to the meanest purposes of dishonesty and self- 



EDUCATION. 91 

isbncss, for personal, and party aggrandizement, (to say 
nothinur of corporeal combat) and he will not only blush 
at the depravity of man, but that he himself has labored 
ill the peaceful retreats of life, to place such men, where 
they abuse their power, and disgrace the country. Nor 
is this remark applicable to this age or nation. Such 
men as Benedict Arnold and Aaron Burr, are not like 
'angels'v isits' in this or other countries. They exist, and 
only wait for circumstances to call them out. 

It must be apparent, that our literary institutions are 
defective in their moral arrangements, to send forth more 
of immorality than virtue. Are they not schools of vice, 
ell as of intellect? This is emphatically true of col- 
leges as well as of the primary schools : and why? In 
the first place, our youth are not properly trained at 
home, and when they get beyond parental control, like 
the wild unbridled steed, they rush forward to do the bid- 
ding of their most active faculties : and in numerous in- 
stances, those who have the care of them, labor more for 
the "loaves and fishes," than for the benefit of their ward, 
and appear to think, that if they cultivate the intellect of 
the pupil, and obtain their stipulated ivages, their whole 
duty is done : and in fact some parents forbid the teacher 
who is so disposed, to institute moral restraint over the 
student : and it would be indeed a miracle, if intellectual 
greatness and depravity did not go hand in hand. 

We find no fault with the expansion of the intellect ; 
we say go on in this good work, but while this is attended 
to at the expense of the moral nature of the student, w r e 
cannot wish the system good speed ; because, like a 
house upon the sand, or a pyramid on its apex, it can but 
blast the prospects, and accelerate the certain ruin of 
those under its influence. 

The term, education, is a broad one ; it does not mean 
the development of the intellect merely, or to indoctrin- 
ate the learner with peculiar religious creeds; to cram 
the mind with latin, greek and mathematics ; to teach 
them how to acquire money, and make a splendid show 
IB the world, and to understand the etiquette of (falsely 
called) refined society, which is but a school of vice, 
and a system of polite hypocrisy; but, to teach them to 

i * 



38 EDUCATION* 

be moral, good and wise. That the system of educa- 
tion be proper, it is necessary to understand the nature 
of the being to be educated; and one grand reason why 
the present system is radically wrong, arises from igno- 
rance on that point. 

Phrenology, we hail as the brightest star of human 
knowledge, that ever dawned on the world : on this, if 
reared at all, must the superstructure of education in its 
broadest sense, be founded. Phrenology, by specifying 
the primary powers of the human mind, its animal, and 
moral, as well as intellectual capabilities; has conferred 
one of the greatest boons on man. Before this, every 
speculative theory of mental philosophy must bow ■, and, 
because it rests on the corner stone of truth, must tri- 
umph. This system teaches that man is possessed of a 
plurality of faculties, and that each has its special organ 
in the brain, and also points out their localities, and the 
means of improving and strengthening each. It teaches, 
that man possesses intellect ; (that which is almost exclu- 
sively cultivated) that he has a class of moral sentiments, 
which should be addressed through an enlightened intel- 
lect, that he has a class of strictly selfish and animal pro- 
pensities, and also a class of social affections; all of 
which, acting in harmonious combination, constitute the 
perfection of human nature, and bring man into harmonv 
with the moral law. 

The inordinate activity and strength of the animal pro- 
pensities, cause all the misery which curses mankind, 
and "makes countless thousands mourn. 35 These pro- 
pensities must be controlled, if controlled at all, by the 
moral sentiments and intellect. If the abuse of the fa- 
culties of Amativeness, Destructiveness, Combativeness, 
Secretiveness, Acquisitiveness and Alimentiveness, causes 
all, or nearly all the sins of commission which disturb the 
quiet and work the ruin of the human race; it would 
seem to be of vital importance to understand these facul- 
ties, learn their law of action, and how to control them. 
It may be proper in this place to remark as a general 
law, that a man, or child, when addressed in the lan- 
guage of kindness or wrath, feels excited in the corres- 
ponding feelings; hence, call a man a villain in an angry 



l.MlAII 39 

ami in tone and manner more angry, will he retort; 
but - ?9#d sir," or, "dear sir," with ■ suule au<t 

a bow. and he will bow, and smile in return ; because the 
facilh n /"'", which you employ in the 

address. The feelings and faculties of children, are most 
acute, and they imbibe impressions with a sagacity and 
cclentv, truly astonishing; and, hence, the above modes 
of address make impressions upon their minds, as in wax, 

■ retained, as if engraven upon steel. As the pas- 
sion of anger, is a besetting sin among men, we will dis- 

the faculties by which it is produced, and show the 
remedy. These are Combativeness, and Destructive- 
(Here, please read the adaptation of those organs.) 
How are they commonly, (though not always) trained? 
For example : a boy lias a large endowment of Combat 
iveness and Destructiveness, combined with an active 
temperament, and he is energetic and forcible in charac- 
ter, as he should be. He may abuse these faculties, by 
sinking his sister, in anger. The little girl rushes into 
the presence of her mother, and relates the outrage, 
which arouses in her the same faculties, which the boy 
has abused ; and without a thought, but the administra-. 
lion of condign punishment upon the tiny culprit, she 
commands the little "rascal," in the language of anger, 
to come to her, which inflames his already excited pas- 
sion. Being tardy in his approach, he is hastily drag-, 
ged, (perhaps by the ear, Gr hair of the head) to the do- 
mestic tribunal, and without a trial, or a chance to plead, 
either the "genera! issue," or extenuating circumstances, 
tke rod is applied to his back, till the rage of the parent 

tiafied ; when the little sufferer is ordered away, and 
the liberal permission given him, to do the same again if 
he dare. He retires, and in sullen silence ponders upon 
the subject, and meditates revenge. He knows that he 

)een abused, and this inflames his passion still high- 
er than ever; for now he is not only angry with his sis- 
ter, but Combativeness and Destructiveness are also ar- 
_ r ainst his mother and perhaps himself; and 
children have been known under such circumstances to 
wreak their vengeance upon their persons, clothing, or 
any domestic animal which might be near. 



40 EDUCATION*. 

Now, this course of procedure is obviously wrong-, 
First, the very faculties which the child had abused, the 
excitement of which should have been allayed, are in- 
flamed by the language and conduct of the mother. 
Secondly, this treatment outrages the moral and social 
affections of the child, and reverses their action against 
the mother, while they condemn the whole transaction, 
Thirdly, by this additional exercise of the organs, they 
are increased in size and activity ; and thereby rendered 
much more irritable, and likely to arise a second time, 
and to a higher degree than before. 

"Well," says the mother, "you have told us what is 
wrong; now will you tell us what is right V 7 "O!" says 
another, (f I don't believe a word of phrenological educa- 
tion, and phrenological courtships. I believe that a good 
liickory stick will take the temper out of my boys better 
than your phrenological nonsense ; the good old way of 
putting on the birch that my father and grandfather prac- 
ticed is the best after all ; touch their feelings with the 
ivhip, that will bring them to their senses." 

Now, my good lady, you have given your verdict 
against phrenology without evidence ; without giving it a 
chance to speak for itself. It is very possible that you 
think and that your ancestors thought, and practiced on 
the old flogging system ; and possibly, also, your worthy 
grandsire put his grist in one end of the meal bag, and a 
stone in the other, to balance it upon his horse ; but, 
does it. necessarily follow, that old customs cannot be im- 
proved ; and that a thing is right, because it is old and good 
men have believed and practiced upon it ? Now, have 
you not noticed, that those who whip most have the most 
disobedient and worst governed families - x and, that those 
boys of whom it is said, "they want whipping every day 
at school or at home," and usually get it, generally be- 
come reckless of character, pests to society and outcasts 
among men ? The object of punishment is, to correct, 
not to enhance the difficulty: and we assert that castiga- 
tion as before described, increases the passion of anger 
in all cases, and effects no good end, unless it be to con- 
stitute a safety valve for the escape of parental indigna^ 
tion. 



Y.m CATION, 41 

fcet it be borne in mind, that DestructivevjOM and 

i'iti\riu'>s in the boy, had bedn abused, and that 

the object of the parent should be, to remove the eicite- 

. and establish an opposite state of feeling in the 
child. How is this to be accomplished ? Surely, not 

\eiting the same feelings to a higher pitch, but by 
calling up another class of faculties to silence the unruly 
and abused ones. In the first place, if the tale of afflic- 
tion produced by the quarrel, excites your Combative* 

and Dcstructivcness, wait, till you can call into ac- 
tivity your Conscientiousness, Benevolence and Philo- 
progenitiveness, with all the intellectual faculties ; or, in 
other words govern yourself ; and then speak to the boy 
in the language of kindness. Address his Benevolence. 

iiim it it was a kind act? Benevolence answers, No ! 
Was it just ! Conscientiousness condemns the deed ! 
She is your friend and playfellow — Adhesiveness testifies 
to its violation. She is your little sister — Philoprogeni- 
tiveness talks to the trembling, and soul-stricken boy — 
such emotions he has never before suffered — his deepest 
sensibilities are awakened, he is melted into tenderness; 
he feels condemned and still his mother does not chide ; he 
would give a world to be liberated from the dilemma, 
but sees no ray of hope, — no way of relief. "Are you 
not very sorry my son?" His intellect and all his moral 
and social affections are arrayed against him, and the 
tear of sorrow and the heaving bosom tell but too plain- 
ly that he is lashed in the tenderest point. "Can't you 
kiss your little sister, and resolve never to do wrong 
again?" With eager delight he clasps her to a throbbing 
breast and imparts a kiss of affection as natural and sin- 
cere as it is ardent. Where now, are his Combativeness 
and Destructiveness? Swallowed up by love: by the 
most thrilling emotions of tenderness, and affection. 
Thus a jury has been raised, in the child's mind : he 

• ndemned by his own faculties, and the execution of 
the most severe punishment indicted, and he stands up 
reformed. The next time he is tempted in the same 
manner to transgress the law of kindness, memory brings 
back the feelings which constituted the punishment of 
the first offence, and although his hand be raised to strike. 
4* 



42 EDUCATION. 

it falls powerless, and he finds himself in a new and lAp- 
py atmosphere ; or, should he transgress a second or even 
a third time, take the same course as before and he will 
with greater ease be subdued, and you will ultimately ac- 
complish in respect to him, your highest wishes. 

The philosophy of these modes of treatment is this. 
By exciting with language and conduct, the organs of 
Combativeness and Destructiveness, they are enlarged by 
exercise, while the opposite organs become feeble and 
remain small for want of action, and the evil is increased. 
On the contrary, by exciting the intellect and all the 
moral and social affections, and through their combined 
activity suppressing Combativeness and Destructiveness, 
you increase the former and check the activity of the 
latter, and thereby enable the child by the energy of his 
own faculties, to govern himself. "But, "says one, "I 
have neither time hoy patience to pursue that roundabout 
course*" Those who advocate and practice whipping, 
generally have but little patience, and that is the very 
reason why they of all persons should abandon it. 

You have both time and patience to toil for the pur- 
pose of making your children learned, accomplished, and 
rich in the world's goods, but have neither time nor 
patience to train their propensities and cultivate their 
moral and social affections, thereby imparting to them 
a character which the wealth of a Croesus is too poor to 
purchase, and of which, the sweeping blasts of adversity, 
and even death itself cannot rob them. 

You who are parents, should plead no excuse, as none 
is or can be available, for the non-performai-rce of any duty 
you owe, not less to those to whom you have been instru- 
mental in imparting being than to the world at large, 
which has a right to expect, nay, claim from you the 
faithful discharge of this, the highest human duty. None 
are qualified to govern others who canont govern them- 
selves ; hence, self-control is the first step in the great 
work. This may be obtained by the same process that 
phrenology prescribes for the training of children, for 
they are men in miniature. 

Did the limits of this volume permit, we would enter 
at large upon the discussion of all the organs in a similar 



IMMARKS ON THK BRAIN. 43 

manner; hut u a word to the wise is sufficient." If what 
we have said shall he fully adopted, the happy results 
will, ire trust, induce parents to take these hints as a text 
for the cultivation of all the powers, and they will find 
the reward to supercede the effort, like a harvest of an 
hundred fold. When this system of education shall he 
fully understood as being dictated hy Phrenology , the 
unjust and thread-hare cry of fatalism will he hushed for- 
ever, and those who have hitherto stood aloof from the sci- 
ence and ridiculed its advocates, will hecome the happy 
recipients of its benefits, and the generations to come will 
bless the memory of those who now toil to establish and 
promulgate it ; while the immortal Gall and Spurzheim, 
shall have in every philanthropic soul, a richer and more 
enduring cenotaph, than crumbles over the ashes of the 
proudest conquerors. 

Remarks ox the brain. 

Dr. Andrew Combe, in his work on Physiology appli- 
ed to Health and Education, gives a description of the 
brain, an extract of which is here introduced. 

"The brain is that large organized mass, which, along 
with its enveloping membranes, completely fills the cavi- 
ty of the skull. It is the seat of thought, of feeling, and 
of consciousness; and the centre towards which all im- 
pressions made on the nerves distributed through the 
body are conveyed, and from which the commands of the 
will are transmitted to put the various parts in motion. 

"The structure of the brain is so complicated, that less 
is known of its true nature than of that of almost any 
other organ. It would therefore be entirely out of place 
to attempt to describe it here, farther than by stating 
generally its principal divisions. On sawing olTthe top 
of the skull, and removing the firm tough membrane 
called the dura mater (hard mother,) which adheres close- 
ly to its concave surface, the cerebrum or brain proper 
presents itself, marked on the surface with a great varie- 
ty of undulating windings or convolutions, and extending 
from the fore to the back part of the head, somewhat in 



44 REMARKS ON THE BRAIN. 

the form of an ellipse. In the middle line, a deep cleft 
or fissure is perceived, separating the brain, in its whole 
length, into two halves, or hemispheres, as they are called. 
Into this cleft dips a tight stiff membrane, resembling a 
scythe in shape, and hence called the falx (scythe,) or 
sometimes, from its being a mere fold of the dura mater, 
the falciform {scythe-like) pro-cess of the dura mater. 
From its dipping down between the two halves of the 
brain, the chief purpose of this membrane seems to be to 
relieve the one side from the pressure of the other, when 
we are asleep, for example, or have the head reclining to 
either side. The membrane does not descend to the 
bottom of the brain, except in a small part, at the front 
and back, ^t descends about two thirds of the depth of 
the whole brain. At the point where it terminates, a 
mass of fibres, named the corpus cailosum, passes between 
and connects the two hemispheres. 

"Each half or hemisphere of the brain is, in its turn, 
divided, — but in a less marked way, as the divisions are 
observable only on its inferior surface, — into three por- 
tions, called, from their situations, the anterior, middle, 
and posterior lobes, each occupying nearly a third of the 
whole length of the brain. The anterior lobe, occupies 
the forehead ; the middle is that portion lying above and 
a little in front of the ears; and the posterior lobe is that 
portion which corresponds to the back part of the head. 

"Beneath the posterior lobe, a strong fold of the dura 
mater, called the tentorium, is extended horizontally to 
support and separate it from the cerebellum or little brain, 
lying below it. The cerebellum forms the last great di- 
vision of the contents of the skull. Its surface is marked 
by convolutions, differing, however, in size and appear- 
ance from those observed in the brain. 

' 'Adhering to the surface of the convolutions, and con- 
sequently dipping down into, and lining the sulci or fur- 
rows between them, another membrane, of a finer tex- 
ture, and greater vascularity, called pia mater, is found. 
The blood vessels going to the brain branch out so ex- 
tensively on the pia mater, that, when a little inflamed, 
it seems to constitute a perfect vascular net-work. This 



UK MARKS ON THE BRAIN. 45 

minute subdivision is of use in preventing the blood from 
being impelled with too great force against the delicate 
tissue of the brain. 

"A third covering, called the arachnoid membrane, 
from its fineness re» mbling thai of a spider's web, is in- 
terposed between the other two, and is frequently the 
seat of disease. 

"On examining the convolutions in different brains, 
they are found to vary a good deal in size, depth, and 
general appearance. In the various regions of the same 
brain they are also different, but preserve the same gen- 
eral aspect. Thus they are always small and numerous 
in the anterior lobe, larger and deeper in the middle, and 
still larger in the posterior lobe." 

The convolutions, (which is a kind of folding of its 
surface) give complexity to the brain, designed, as it is 
supposed to impart a large nervous surface in a small 
space. The convolutions are few and shallow in the 
brains of the inferior animals, more numerous and deep 
as we rise in the scale of animated existence to man, 
and physiologists inform us, that the brains of men of 
the highest grade of intellect, are marked much more 
deeply than those of ordinary talents. 

Phrenologists make another division of the brain into 
some thirty eight or forty organs, in each hemisphere of 
the brain, so that the phrenological organs are all double 
(like those of sight, hearing, &,c.,) and are usually devel- 
oped equally in each side of the head. This division of 
the brain into organs, is objected to by anti-phrenologists 
because, say they, nature has not made the demarkation, 
and fortified each like fenced lots, so that it may be dem- 
onstrated where one organ leaves off and another begins, 
How will the doctrine of this objection compare with the 
known arrangement of other parts of the constitution 'I 
It is well known to Physiologists that the nerves of vol* 
untary motion and nerves of sensation are given off from 
the spinal column together, and enveloped in one com- 
mon sheath, and that the most skilful anatomist, cannot 
tell by their appearance, any difference in their structure 
or probable functions ; but by severing or compressing 
one part of this delicate structure, all power of motion 



46 REMARKS ON THE BRAIiV. 

ceases, while sensation remains perfect, and vice verm. 
Now, a bundle of nerves may be given off and packed 
together like the fibres of a silken thread, each having a 
different office to perform, though no human eye can de- 
tect the difference in their nature, except by such exper- 
iments as above cited : so the brain may be composed of 
a congeries of organs, each of which have a nature, and 
an office to perform, as diverse as seeing and hearing, or 
of motion and sensation. 

That these organs exist, and that each acts to perform 
its appropriate function, may be inferred from the fact 
that different parts are large and small in the same head 
and the faculties strong or weak to correspond with the 
development. By an observation of this fact, Drs. Gall 
and Spurzheim were led to the discovery of phrenology. 
Again, different parts of the brain have been injured, re- 
moved, or become locally diseased and the faculties of 
the organs thus affected, have been deranged or lost. 

By a laborious collection and comparison of facts, 
which exhibit a uniform concomitance between the de- 
velopment of the brain and character, has the science of 
Phrenology been discovered, and established in the minds 
of all who have thoroughly examined the subject. Spec- 
ulations must yield to facts, the observation and classifi- 
cation of which, indeed, constitute the only substantial 
scientific basis; and we will conclude this chapter by re- 
peating the words of its great founder; "Phrenology is 
true, though at enmity with the philosophy of ages," 

Explanation of the Chart. 

All heads are large or small, or occupy some interme- 
diate size : the same is true of each of the organs ; hence 
in publishing a char-t, we recognize seven sizes of the 
head and of each of the organs, and to indicate the size 
of the head, or of the organs of the head examined, we, 
use the written figures 7, 6, 5, 4, 3, 2, 1. 7, shows that 
the organ is very large ; 6 barge; 5 full; 4 average ; 3, 
moderate ; 2 small \ and 1 very small. 

The sign f (plus, or more) signifies that the organ is 
a little la°rger than it is marked. The sign— -(minus, or 



: k \ no\ OF tin; i \ci r/n I 

placed under a figure, shows lhat it is less than it is 

marked. When marked 1 to 5 &c, both sentences may 

be read, and a medium between the two will be applica- 
ble. 

In the combinations, the names of the organs are ab- 
breviated thus: Ainat. for Amativcness, Pbilo. for Philo- 
progeoitiveness, &c. — The reader is requested where it 
is not written, to supply the ellipsis, 'One having the or* 
gun large cVc' 

Size or the head. 

A full sized and well balanced head, should measure 
in horizontal circumference, twenty two inches, and 
from the root of the nose over the top of the head to 
the occipital protuberance at the lower portion of the 
back-head, fourteen inches. 

The absolute size of the brain may be very large and 
the organs of the intellect small, and the result will be 
great propelling, with feeble directing power. Such is 
the case with many Indian Chiefs. 

Persons having charts, therefore, should notice the size 
of each class of organs, before summing up character. 

CLASSIFICATION OF THE FACULTIES. 

Phrenological writers do not agree in the classification 
of the faculties. Some appear to have changed, merely 
for the sake of originality without any improvement. 
The classification, which seems the most consistent and 
true to nature, is that of the Messrs. Fowler, which we 
shall follow, and hereby give credit accordingly. It is 
of little consequence what numbers are employed in a 
work to designate the organs, as the faculties are not in 
the least aftected by it. 

1 Thefaeulties are divided into tiro Classes, or Orders,' 
and intellect) 'and these arc subdivided into 
KA, and these again into several Sri*: 



48 



CLASSIFICATION OF THE FACULTIES. 



The annexed cut ,shows the location of the several clas- 
ses of organs, each of which should be equally developed. 




©rdei* !• Affective faculties or feelings. 



These embrace all those propensities, sentiments and 
emotions,. either animal, human, or moral, which may be 
denominatedjfeZ27zg"$,and constitute the most vivid class of 
all the mental operations. They spring into spontaneous 
activity whenever their natural stimuli are presented, and 
produce the desires which demand gratification. All 
these feelings are blind in themselves, and need the guid- 
ance of an enlightened intellect. 



Genus I. 



Propensities. 



These bring man into harmony with nature as an ani- 
mal being, and impart those desires and emotions which 
relate to his physical existence. The feelings which 
induce propagation, love of offspring, self-preservation 
and defence, are in man, precisely what they are in the 
lower animals. The propensities as a whole, impart 
for cef efficiency, and general energy of character, and 
the impetus to act. 



AMATIVENESS. 

Species I. Domestic Propensities. 



49 



From these arise the social affections, and the desire 
for society and intercourse, and they Jay the foundation for 
the connubial, fraternal and civil institutions of mankind. 

When these organs are largejtlu back part of the head 
mgated ; when small, the name region is short and 
perpendicular. See cuts, No. 5 and 6., p. 54. 

1. AMATIVENESS. 

Reciprocal attachment and love of the sexes. 

The ccrebellum/fftffe brain) situated between and be- 
hind the opening of the ears in the base of the skull, is 
the organ of this propensity. It is separated from the 
brain proper, by a strong membrane called the tentorium. 
The brain proper and the cerebellum, are brought into 
connection, by being united to the medulla oblongata. 

The size of the organ is determined, by the downward 
and backward development of the base of the skull at the 
back of the neck, and width between the mastoid processes. 

3. Stephen Burroughs. 4. Mr. *****. 




K2. ■BHEBH 
uvene«s, 




1 Amativeness, email. 



50 AMATIVENESS. 

Adaptation. The design of this faculty, (see Genesis 
1 : 28,) is the reproduction of the species, which serves to 
replenish the earth with inhabitants, who are constantly 
passing to decay and death/to that bourne from whence 
no traveler returns.' 

Benevolence produces kindness, but it is not limited to 
our own species ; it pities a worm as much as a king. It 
does not stop to ask whether its object is of our own 
family, nation, or even a human being ; it only inquires if 
the being is susceptible of suffering. Adhesiveness produ- 
ces sympathy and general friendship between equals with- 
out regard to sex; but Amativeness is the foundation of 
connubial love, and produces those tender and generous 
sentiments, that politeness and affability which is recipro- 
cal between the sexes. It is the fundamental element of 
that strong desire to please the opposite sex, of which no 
well balanced mind is destitute. Blot out this feelings 
and the institution of marriage, of civilization and society 
in general, would tumble into ruin 5 and the earth become 
an unpopulated waste. 

When this faculty is accompanied with large Benevo- 
lence, Adhesiveness and Philoprogenitiveness, and guided 
by an enlightened intellect and strong moral feelings ; the 
most exalted and refined affection #is produced between 
the sexes, which can exist on earth ; and when thus direct- 
ed by the higher powers, no faculty more than this, sub- 
serves the glory of God, or the happiness of his creature 
mart] and it may be added, that the abuse of no one pro- 
duces a greater amount of misery. 

Licentiousness is the direct abuse of this faculty; (see 
Exodus 1: 14.) but there are many indirect abuses of the 
propensity. Amativeness, often furnishes the motive for 
the abuse of several other faculties. For example : Ac- 
quisitiveness is often aroused to acquire the means by 
which it may be gratified ; Secretiveness, to practice de- 
ception and hypocrisy ; Destructiveness and Combative- 
ness, to overcome and even murder intervening obstacles ; 
indeed the brightest intellect bows to the promptings of 
this unbridled passion, and lends a willing auxiliary, to 
devise ways and means for its abuse. Thus we see why 
men of lofty intellect, are often guilty in this respect; in- 



AMATIVENESS. SI 

deed it has almost passed to a provorh, that intellectual 
greatness and licentiousness, go hand in hand. This pro- 

ity should be trained, and kept in check by well cul- 
tivated mora] powers, and then the Hood of impurity and 
wickedness shall be rolled back to its native night, which 
is now sweeping 01 w society, bearing upon its turbid waves 
thousands of devoted victims, from moral purity to wretch- 
edness and ruin. Ignorance on this subject, is no protec- 
tion for the young. To the parent it is a delusive hope ; 
the Siren's song which lulls to security until the dread 
reality of its abuse, is forced upon the misguided and un- 
suspecting parent. Let the moral and intellectual pow- 
ers be well disciplined with reference to this faculty ; and 
it shall no longer 'riot, with all the fierceness of a blind 
animal instinct.' 

Very Large. One having Amativeness very large, is 
very tender and attentive to the other sex ; seeks their 
society, covets their favor, courts popularity with them, 
makes many sacrifices to please; will seek friends in the 
opposite sex; confide in, and trust them with secrets ; 
ever speak of them with lively emotions; and with large 
Ideality, will celebrate them in song. 

If the whole mind be well balanced, and well instructed, 
the person will be likely to marry young, and become a 
devoted, affectionate companion, and be bound up in the 
family relation. If a father, will desire daughters, and 
love them more than sons; if a mother, the reverse will be 
the case. 

Large. One in whom Amativeness is large, will re- 
gard the opposite sex with attention and respect ; seek 
their society ; desire intensely, to be in favor with them ; 
and try to say, and do things, so as to please ; sooner be 
unpopular with all their own, than one of the other sex; 
and always anticipate their convenience and pleasure. 

Combined with large Adhes. and Consci., the person 
will cling to oue beloved object, with strong and lasting 
love. With large Ideal., will admire those who possess 
correct taste, ease, elegance, and refinement of manners; 
mi with large Form, Size, Color, and Order added, will 



52 



AMATIVENESS. 



admire personal beauty ; with large Acquis., will be indus- 
trious to provide for the wants of that friend, and with 
large Self-Esteem and Appro., will be ambitious that oth- 
ers shall appreciate their admirable qualities, and praise 
them. If the moral and intellectual faculties predominate, 
the person will regard those who are intelligent, and moral ; 
and found his choice upon those qualities; but, if the 
moral and intellectual faculties be weak, and Ideal., Ap- 
pro., and Adhes., small, the mere animal gratification of 
this faculty, will be the only bond of union ; and the re- 
sult will be, vulgarity and obscenity in language and 
manners ; inconstancy, lasciviousness, and matrimonial 
infidelity. 

Full. One having Amat. full, will take delight in 
the society of the opposite sex, and be capable of feeling 
the keen sting of Cupid's dart ; but will have less intensi- 
ty of this feeling, than is described under Amat. large. 
With large, or very large Adhes., and large moral organs, 
will be more steady and constant in connubial attach- 
ment, than remarkably ardent. 

Average. One having Amat. average, combined with 
an active temperament, will have some ardor of affection 
for the opposite sex ; but attended with more activity, 
than intensity, and will not be liable to abuse the faculty. 
Combined with large moral organs, the person will look 
upon licentiousness as one of the worst of crimes, and 
with Destruct. and Firm, full, added, will severely censure 
those who have fallen victims to the sexual passion, and 
make no allowance for the easily besetting sin of others. 
Other motives than the sexual impulse, will operate in 
determining to early marriage ; expediency, as well as de- 
sire, will be consulted. If Acquis, be large, will be par- 
ticular to gratify it, in the choice. 

With large Appro., and Self-Esteem, will think of the 
character, and high standing of the chosen one. With 
the intellectual and moral organs large, combined with 
very large Ideal., Order, and Appro., will select one with 
a cultivated mind, acute moral sense, and great delicacy, 
and refinement of taste and manners ; will even be fastid- 



PH1LOPROGENITIVENE9S. •> 5 

ct If Caution be large, and Combat, 
moderate, will be bashful, and timid in the company of 

the opposite Bex ; and with large Ideal., will be chaste in 
duct and conversation. 

Modeb ite. One haying Amat. only moderate, will be 
rather slow to form attachments to the other sex; will be 
controlled by the other faculties in making a selection, 
and parsimonious of encomiums upon the rosy cheek or 
manly form, of admirers. 

If Caution be large, and Combat, and Ideal, average, 
will be retiring, distant and bashful, and lack the power 
lo please, or become captivating to those having the or- 
ran. full or larcre ; will be forgetful of the claims of the 
other sex, and lack the common etiquette of society, and 
be respected more than loved. With Adhes. average, 
will have a general respect for all, rather than strong love 
for one* 

Small. One having Amat. small, with an ardent tem- 
perament, will occasionally feel the promptings of the 
amorous feeling, but very rarely abuse it. Will be tem- 
perate in professions, and wanting in polite attention, 
and urbanity of manners toward the other sex. 

Very Small. One in whom Amat. is very small, is 
almost, if not wholly destitute of that feeling which re- 
gards the opposite sex as such. 

2. PHILOPROGENITIVENESS. 

Parental love, attachment to children, young animals, 
pets, Sfc. 

The organ is located in the middle of the posterior 
portion of the head, just above the occipital spine. When 
large the head is elongated from the opening of the ears 
backward, and when small, the head is short and perpen- 
dicular in the back part, 



54 PHILOPROGENITIVENESS. 

5. An Affectionate Mother. 6. Big Thunder, an Indian Chief. 




2 Philoprogenitiveness, very large, 
1 Amative ness small. 



2 Philoprogenitiveness, very small. 
] Amativeness very large. 



Adaptation. The helpless young, require attention 
and sustenance, without which, their production would 
be useless. All young animals, which, in their nature 
cannot subsist independently of their progenitors, natu- 
rally look up to the parent, for the supply of all their 
wants ; and the Creator has made it as much a part of 
the nature of such parents to protect and provide for their 
young, as to produce them. Hence, from Amat., we in- 
fer the necessity of Philo., to care for and protect, the 
fruit of that faculty. 

The ant, deposites its eggs in a place of security; the 
feathered tribes, after the tender progeny is hatched, pro- 
vide for their wants, and house them under their wings ; 
while the various genera of quadrupeds, (from the ele- 
phant down to the ferret,) manifest such care and tender- 
ness for their young, as their nature and circumstances 
require. Many animals and birds which are naturally 
timid, will fight desperately against superior animals, in 
defence of their young. Nothing, but the love of off- 
spring, (not even hunger or life,) could impart such cour- 
age, and cause the bear to fall dead between the lion and 
her cubs ; or, the timid partridge, to assault man. ' Love 
of offspring, is not the fruit of general benevolence, as 
some have supposed ; for who will attribute a feeling of 
benevolence to the tiger, or the rapacious hyena ; and 



rillLOPROGENITIVENI 55 

what animals are more attentive to their progeny 1 Pa- 
rental love, thru, is | distinct faculty, and manifested by 
an appropriate and distinctive organ. No other faculty 
supply the place of this, and without it, almost every 
being, which is introduced into the world, would perish 
in the dawn of its existence, and the earth becdme de- 
populated. 

The ahffsr of this faculty, is an overweening fondii 
for children, which will spoil them by indulgence in such 
things as will injure them ; the failure to train them prop- 
erly ; the feeding of them with unhealthy dainties; and 
depriving the dear creatures of healthy exercise in the 
open air ; and the fondling of lap dogs, &c. 

Females, have this organ larger, and the faculty strong- 
er, than males ; and this is true of animals, as well as of 
the human race. All may observe the strength of this 
faculty in the little girl. She caresses her doll, a little 
kitten, or a puppy, with all the fondness, and depth of af- 
fection of a mother ; while boys, choose a hammer, a 
knife, a whip, or hobby-horse. 

Very Large. One in whom Philo. is very large, be- 
comes very strongly attached to children ; will do and 
suffer much to please and make them happy, and feel the 
keenest anxiety for their health and general welfare ; will 
readily get acquainted with, and please the children of 
strangers ; and if Self-Esteem be moderate, will join in 
their childish sports, be fond of telling stories to please 
them, and never feel lonely in their company. With a 
well balanced development of all the organs, will watch 
with the keenest anxiety and interest, the expanding pow- 
ers of the child and also, (like the stork) be kind and 
tender to parents in their dotage. In the farmer, this 
organ very large, leads to the raising of young stock , 
fondness for horses, pet dogs, birds, &c. 

Large. One with this organ large, if a parent, will 
love children deeply and tenderly ; be devotedly attached 
to them ; minister to their wants in health, and feel the 
keenest solicitude for them in sickness, and with large 



56 PHIL0PR0GENITIVENES9. 

Adhes., "refuse to be comforted" when they are taken 
away by death. With large moral organs, will strive to 
educate their moral feelings, and teach them to "fear God 
and work righteousness." With a strong intellect, and 
weak Acquis, added, will think more of educating chil- 
dren well, than of leaving them wealthy. Reverse this 
combination and the reverse will be true in the manifes- 
tation. 
With Lang, and Event, large, and Self-Esteem moderate, 
will talk much to children, enter into their feelings and 
interests, relate anecdotes, and with large Individ., Local., 
Form and Size added, will describe persons, places, 
countries, dress and manners, and traditionate them into 
the history of external nature ; in a word, will become ex- 
ceedingly popular with children, and be qualified by na- 
ture for a successful teacher. With a weak intellect, and 
large Self-Esteem and Appro., will be proud and vain of 
children, boast of their qualifications, and crowd them 
forward to their disadvantage; and with strong Acquis., 
and feeble moral organs added, will be more anxious to 
see them rich, powerful, showy and fashionable, than 
"only great, as they are good." 

Full. One in whom Philo. is only full, will not be 
passionately fond of children, or pets, or feel a lively, 
special interest in children, as such; or have a good fac- 
ulty to gain their attention and friendship, or to please 
them when they are ill natured; will lack patience when 
they are fretful, either in the capacity of a parent, nurse, or 
teacher. If Firm., Self-Esteem, Destruct., and Combat, 
be large, will be stern in government, and cause children 
to fear and respect, more than to love ; but, if Appro, be 
large, with Firm., Self-Esteem, Destruct. and Combat, 
only average, the person will readily become familiar with 
children, and often join in their conversation and child- 
ish sports ; and with large Adhes. added, will love them 
dearly, as they become playful, and old enough to be as- 
sociates and friends, and at the same time, will not be 
likely to spoil them by indulgence ; but educate, and 
train them consistently with their station in life. 



PHILOPROGENITIVE M .~>7 

Average, will love children, pots, &c, well enough 
to provide for their wants ; but will not suffer them to 
rule, or swerve the mind from other objects of attach- 
ment. Will regard their comfort and general welfare, 
without being too indulgent for the good of the child, or 
convenience of the parent, and will seldom play with, or 
take much trouble to please children. With large Bc- 
nev., Consci., Adhes., andlnhab., combined with moderate 
Destruct., Combat., and Self-Esteem, will value home, 
and the domestic circle, highly; and be warmly attached 
to children, and manifest much tenderness and affection 
for them, and the more so, as they advance in years, 
with large Acquis., and a good intellect added, will de- 
sire to see children become learned, wealthy and honora- 
ble ; and feel honored when the child is honored. With 
the above combination and Acquis, moderate, will sur- 
render property, and the management of business to a 
son, and be willing to live with, and lean upon him, in 
old age. With large Acqris. and Self-Esteem, will 
choose to hold possession of the homestead, and the man- 
agement of business till death, and think that a son can- 
not manage well. 

Moderate, has but little patience with children, and 
cannot endure their noise and prattle ; is a poor child- 
nurse, and ought never to become a step-parent, or teach- 
er of young children. Large moral organs will lead to 
the performance of the duties of protection and provi- 
dence, but there will be wanting the thousand little pa- 
rental cares, and that overflowing tenderness described 
under this organ large , which is among the very strong- 
est of the social manifestations. 

Small, will show very little love, and no fondness, 
for children, or pets of any kind. With large Combat, 
and Destruct., and only full Benev., will be severe, and 
sometimes abuse, and often, scold them. 

Very Small, dislikes children and pets, altogether. 



58 



ADHESIVENESS. 



3, ADHESIVENESS. 

Attachment to friends ; instinctive desire to love. 

This organ is located upward, and outward from Phi- 
loprogenitiveness, and just above the lambdoidal suture. 
Adaptation. The history of man in all ages of the 
world, proves him to be fond of society and intercourse, 
and naturally inclined to friendship and love. In the 
savage state, a village of rude huts huddled together and 
filled with the wild inhabitants of the forest, where the 
pleasures of social intercourse can daily be enjoyed, is the 
result of this faculty. In the civilized state, mankind 
congregate in cities and villages ; form societies for so- 
cial worship ; to devise means to promote the general wel- 
fare ; and for the interchange of friendly feelings. This 
natural desire in the human race to congregate together, 
is the direct result of Adhesiveness. A love of the do- 
mestic circle, arises from a large development of all the 
social organs. Philanthropy, is produced by Benevo- 
lence ; but, constancy in friendship may exist when that 
organ is small, if Adhesiveness be large. Its absence, 
leads to false professions of friendship, for the purpose of 
gratifying some of the selfish propensities. It is usually 
larger in the female, than in the male head, which coin- 
cides with the difference in the character of the two sexes. 
"In woman alone, can friendship be found in the fulness 
of perfection," Friendship, founded on large Adhesive- 
ness combined with large moral organs, cannot be shaken 
by adversity, and is as lasting as life. A striking exam- 
ple is recorded in Ruth, 1 : 16, 17. Without this fa- 
culty, the pleasures resulting from society, and friendly 
attachment, could not be enjoyed. Some animals mani- 
fest this feeling, herd together and go in droves, while 
others lead a solitary life. The dog manifests it, in at- 
tachment to his master. Poets having this organ large, 
breathe its language in their writings. The following 
lines from Moore, show strong Adhesiveness. 

"The thread of our life would be dark, Heaven knows; 
If it were not with friendship and love intertwined, 

And I care not how soon I may sink to repose, 

When these blessings shall cease to be dear to my mind." 



ADHESIVENESS. 59 

The proper exercise of Adhesiveness, furnishes much 
enjoyment to man while lie is connected with sublunary 
objects How sweet arc the joys of friendship, and how 
pleasant when every thing is dreary around us, when for- 
tune frowns Mid fame like a bubble floating on the ocean, 
is dashed to endless night by the waves of disappointment, 
to have a circle of friends, honest and kind, who are in 
reality "friends in need," with whom we can associate, 
and take as much delight as if wealth and fame were 
ours! Imagination cannot conceive the misery that would 
speedily ensue, if this feeling were annihilated. The 
word Friendship, would be expunged from every lan- 
guage, and its joys be known no more. 

Very Large. One having Adhes. very large, will 
possess ardent and devoted friendship; cling to friends 
even in adversity ; have a very strong desire for their wel- 
fare, and think much of them when absent. Combined 
with large Benev., and full Acquis., will often sacrifice 
personal interest, to benefit relatives, or friends ; with 
large Consci., will be sincere, and never forsake a 
friend ; with large, or very large Caution, and Firm., will 
be slow in forming attachments, but when once formed 
they will ''bear the seal of eternity;" with very large 
Amat., Philo., and Inhab., will be extremely fond of the 
domestic circle, and cannot be contented without daily 
intercourse in that circle, and if obliged to leave it for a 
few days, will be very unhappy. 

Large, will manifest much affection for relations and 
friends, and take great satisfaction in advancing their in- 
terests, and rendering their condition agreeable and hap- 
py; with large Secret., may love strongly and not make 
any professions of attachment; with very large Combat., 
will contend for the rights of friends, and never allow 
them to be insulted, or wronged, without wishing to re- 
their grievances ; with large Firm, and Consci., 
will be constant and honest in all professions of friend- 
ship ; but, with Conscien. moderate, and Secret., and 
Acquis, large, will be governed much by circumstances, 
and sometimes prove treacherous to them j with large 



60 ADHESIVENESS. 

Self-Esteem, will seek for associates among the higher 
classes, and with large Acquis, added, will court the fa- 
vor of the rich, and look with sovereign contempt on 
the poor. 

Full, will manifest considerable attachment to rela- 
tives and friends; yet lack that warmth of friendship, 
which characterizes one with this organ very large. One 
halving Adhes. full, with large moral organs, will be a 
sincere, but not an ardent friend ; and if unsuccessful in 
the matter of love, will not be much affected by it. 

Average, has a good share of friendly feeling, and 
manifests considerable ardor of attachment, when the ob- 
ject of love is present ; yet will not grieve at parting with 
friends, or take much trouble to visit them when absent ; 
with large Mirth, and Hope, will choose a witty, gay, 
and cheerful companion or friend ; but with those organs 
moderate, and Caution, Ven., Benev., and Consci. large, 
will prefer one who is sedate, reverential, kind and hon- 
est. 

Moderate, is not capable of forming lasting friend- 
ship ; will be cold and distant to relatives ; with large 
Acquis., will try to gain the friendship of the affluent, 
and perhaps succeed in his endeavors ; but would prove a 
traitor, if that wealth which was the foundation of at- 
tachment, should be lost. 

Small, forms slight attachments ; may appear friendly 
to some, to gratify the love of gain, or the love of distinc- 
tion, if Acquis, and Appro, be large ; with weak mor- 
al feelings and strong selfish propensities, will make loud 
protestations of friendship merely for the sake of popu- 
larity, and his secret maxim will be, "out of sight out of 
mind." 

Very Small, is a stranger to the joys of friendship, 
and the pleasures of social life; may make professions of 
attachment from sinister motives, but never feels the 
warm emotions of tender affection. 



IHHABITlYBNBBSi fil 

4. INHABITIVENESS. 

L,ov nitrji and home, attachment to ])lact. 

This organ is located between Concentrativeness and 
Fhiloprogenitiveness. 

u Wh*4 makes the home? hi it the shadowed cot, 

The mansion house, the palace, or the spot 

Of mingled beauty, blending in the heart 

Things which creati ft love, a home of art? 

Oh, no ! This fettling of a home comes forth 

From Yieatfc the soul's pure throne, as not of earth." 

Adaptation. Travelers, who have visited the differ- 
ent nations of the earth, and studied the character of 
man, both in the enlightened anfl savage state, in cold, 
and warm climates, residing in fertile vales, or on rocky 
and unproductive mountains, have noticed, that wherever 
the human species exist they manifest a strong feeling of 
attachment to the place of their nativity. The hardy Ice- 
lander, wrapped in furs, defying the wintry blast, speaks 
of his native island as being the most lovely spot on earth, 
and the dusky son of Africa, panting under the scorching 
of a tropical sun, boasts of his native country, and 
believes it the best on the globe. The Swiss have this 
n large, and their patriotism and love of home, is a 
matter of public notoriety. In view of this fact, the poet 

fB of that people, 

"Hear the brave Swiss, his native Alps among, 
noes-gray cot, in shelving ledges hung: 
• on ye storms, sweet, dreadful songsters, rave, 

e are, this Alp is not a wave 

can roll it; and this soul is not 
A tiling to-be transplanted : for this spot 
I love, 'mid all its awful neighbors — rock, 
And avalanche, and thunder and the shock 
Of elements in battle — Bpeed ye ! blow 
Mj fireside smoke away, but 1 shall never go." 

Inhabitiveness, is usually larger in women than in men, 
which agrees with the difference, manifested in the sexes, 
respecting attachment to place. It is frequently the 
case, that the husband is anxious to remove from his 
native town, for the purpose of gain, and the wife ob- 
6 



62 INHABITIVENESS. 

jects, and promptly refuses to accompany him. In view 
of this fact, therefore, man should make due allowance 
for the natural inclination in woman to remain in the 
land of her nativity, and not accuse her of weakness, for 
acting out a noble impulse, a feeling implanted within 
her, by the God of nature. 

The ancient Jews, manifested this feeling in a remark- 
able manner, when captives in a strange land, and far 
from their native country. They hung their harps upon 
the willows, and by the rivers of Babylon, wept, when 
they remembered the land of their nativity. But we need 
not go back to ancient history to find instances of strong 
attachment to native climes; for many of our acquaint- 
ances in New England, who leave the home of their 
childhood, for the "far west," after a short stay become 
discontented, and return to the place which gave them 
birth. Others, whose circumstances render it impossi- 
ble for them to return, drag out a miserable existence. 

Their minds dwell much upon the lovely hills and vales 
of their own New England ; they think of the beautiful 
fields where they rambled in childhood's blissful hours; 
of the silver stream which passed near their rural dwell- 
ing ; and then with a sigh, look abroad upon fields far more 
fruitful than those they left behind, but they have no 
charms for a homesick mind. The history of nations 
and individuals, shows that the love of country and home 
is an innate feeling in the human mind ; and an obser- 
vation of facts, proves the existence of the organ through 
which this feeling is manifested. Were it not for Inhab- 
itiveness, many parts of the earth which are now peopled, 
would be the abodes, only of inferior animals. 

In view of this feeling of attachment to place, Mr. 
Fowler in his work on Matrimony, argues the necessity 
of all heads of families owning a house and garden spot, 
and speaks against the renting system as practiced in our 
large cities, as being the cause of much distress. 

Very Large, will have a very great regard for home ; 
cannot be contented without one, will leave it for a short 
time even, with much reluctance, and, on returning 
home, after a few months' absence, when the eye first 



1MIABITIVENESS. 63 

catches a glimpse of native hills ; will experience intense 
iit. With Adhes. very large, will be homesick when 
traveling, or stopping with strangers. 

] jA i is strong attachment to native country, 

)ine with regret and returns with cheerful de- 
light; with lull, or large Acquis., may go abroad to ob- 
tain means to make home happy, or to purchase a per- 
manent place of abode, and when traveling, will receive 
much satisfaction from the hope, that the pleasures of a 
home will one day be realized ; with large Ven. and 
Self-Esteem, will be patriotic ; with large Individ, and 
Local., will have a strong desire to travel, but love 
home too well to be a great rover ; with large Combat., 
Destruct., and Self-Esteem, will think much of national 
honor, and be willing to contend in the field of battle to 
secure it. 

Full, desires to have a local habitation, and mani- 
fests considerable attachment to place of residence; with 
very large Adhes., will think more of leaving relatives 
and friends, than any particular locality. 

Average, is rather fond of the home of childhood, but 
if urged by large Acquis, and the hope of gain, can leave 
the place of abode and the home of youth without much 
regret, and give all local attachment to another, although 
the last situation may not be as pleasant as the first. 

Moderate, has no particular regard for any spot on 
earth, feels but little regret in leaving home and is never 
homesick ; with Adhes. and Philo. very large, and Local, 
moderate, will have a fixed place of residence, in order 
to gratify the feelings of attachment to relatives and 
friends. 

Small, is very indifferent respecting the place of 
abode, soon becomes weaned from the home of child- 
hood, feels no uneasiness if obliged to change the place 
of residence often, and with Individ, and Local, large, 
and Adhes. only full, will be likely to lead a roving life. 



64 CONCENTRATIVENESS. 

Very Small, feels at home in any place, forms no 
local attachments; with Acquis, moderate, will care 
nothing about owning a house and piece of land, and 
will be likely to live on hire, and change place of resi- 
dence often. 



6. CONCENTRATIVENESS. 

This is not classed with any other, as it seems to serve 
as a balance-wheel, for all the other faculties. 

This organ is supposed to give 'unity and continuity of 
thought and feeling ; power of entire and concentrated ap- 
plication to one thing , y Its abuses are, protracted and 
unnecessary brooding upon one subject , study or pursuit \ 
to the exclusion of incidental duties. 

It is located between Inhabitiveness and Self-Esteem. 

Adaptation. Some Phrenologists are not fully satis- 
fied of the existence of such a faculty. Dr. Spur zheim 
unites this organ and Inhabitiveness together, under the 
name of Inhabitiveness ; because animals and men being 
full in this region, seemed attached to particular places. 
Mr. Geo. Combe does the same, yet calls it Concentra- 
tiveness ; while the Messrs. Fowler, and others, maintain 
the existence of both ; the upper portion giving unity 
and continuity of thought and feeling; the lower portion 
attachment to home. 

We have made numerous observations with respect to 
this organ for the last four years, upon the heads of per- 
sons of almost every nation, and of every class of people 
in the United States, and have become fully satisfied of its 
location, and the office which it performs. The follow- 
ing facts and reflections will show the foundation of our 
conclusion, and are submitted with the hope that others 
will institute an examination of their merits upon living 
heads : always accompanied with an inquiry into this trait 
of character of those, in whom this part of the head is 
large or small. 



coxt i:m i: a tiveness. 

that out' reason of the diversity of opin- 
ion among Phren in relation to the existence of 
tins organ, baa arisen from the fact, that it is located up- 
on, or near the lambdoidal suture, which often presents a 
ridge with a depression above it; thereby rendering 
ermination of its size quite uncertain. 
Some persons love home and place strongly, yet in 
thought, feeling and pursuit they are restless, fickle and 
erratic ; commence many things and finish nothing, and 
break off in the middle of an anecdote to relate another, 
and perhaps never return to the first, while others 
are exactly the reverse, and the developments in hun- 
3, we have found to correspond with these 
- of character without a failure in a single instance. 
have also noticed a striking difference between the 
Is of foreigners and Americans. Foreigners, serve 
:i years for a trade or profession, and seldom change 
their course of life, and cannot easily turn the hand to 
any thing else. The American, frequently pursues di- 
vers kinds of business, which imparts not only versatility 
of talent, but the power to change the mind from one 
_ to another with celerity, or to attend to several 
the same time, without inconvenience or con- 
fusion. Here, a man learns a trade and quits it for a 
or some of the learned professions. The trader be- 
comes a lawyer, a preacher, an editor, a school master, a 
farmer, or a mechanic ; and not a few, range the whole 
circle of ordinary pursuits, and like the bee, sip from 
v flower. Moreover, we have noticed in the New 
tnd factory villages, that those girls who have fol- 
i a factory for several years, have the 
q of Conccntrativeness much larger than those who 
ued the common, and more variable avocations 
of life — indeed one can select every weaver of seven years' 
from those who have followed housekeeping. 
The same may be noticed in printers, painters, and en- 
grav 

One havi je Concentrative- 

l chain the mind or the feelings to a particular 
study or purpose, and is not satisfied, till every re 
G* 



06 CONCENTRATlVENESSFr 

and fact are thoroughly examined : will stick closely to 
a text or proposition, and move surely, step by step, to 
the conclusion ; often communes with self, and is fre- 
quently absent-minded. With large Caus., is very fond 
of truly abstract subjects. 

Large, is disposed to fix the mind upon but one study 
or work at a time ; in conversation, prefers a leading 
subject to miscellany ; feels disturbed, if not vexed, if 
spoken to while reading or writing; wishes to complete 
an article or chapter before a book or paper is laid 

aside: and likes to attend to one and but one thinor at a 

... ° 

time, and is confused by a multiplicity of cares; frequent- 
ly becomes attached to difficult, or even disagreeable la- 
bor or study; when building, always wishes to finish en- 
tirely ; dislikes to have more "irons in the fire" than can- 
be well attended to, and prefers a steady business ta 
'choring.' 

Full, is able to fix the mind, or to change it from one 
subject, study or pursuit to another without difficulty or 
delay, yet generally prefers permanence to change, and 
likes to leave nothing unfinished. 

Average, is fond of variety, novelty and change ; is 
more intense, than continuous in the application of the 
mind, or the manifestation of the feelings. 

Moderate, thinks and feels intensely, yet lacks unity * 
will anticipate a speaker, and in a book look forward to 
see how the story is coming out; will crave variety of 
pursuit, and feel that spirit, which characterizes the 
American people — a spirit of change and enterprise. 

Small, or Very Small, dislikes close application; is 
too fond of a change of study or pursuit : — will leap from 
premise to conclusion, and fail to supply all the connect- 
ing links of argument. 



(\7 

&peci€f II. Si.Mi-ii Propenbiti 

upon self, and 

■f individual inter- 
ad happiness. When the organs of these pro; 

road at its base and rounded 
id when small, the head is narrow. 

COMBATIVETNESS. 

irage, opposition. 

organ is located above, and a little backward of 
rid processes, at the posterior inferior angle of 
the parietal bones, about an inch and a half upward and 
backward of the opening of the ears. When large, it 
- width to the head a little back of the top of the 
. and may be ascertained by placing the thumb on 
one side, and the fingers upon the other, and a continu- 
ation of the width of the head from above the ear back- 
ward is an indication that Combativeness is large. 

Adaptation*. The design of this faculty is to defend, 
oppose and resist in general. It is not adapted merely 
to pfa distance, it enters hugely into moral cour- 

intellectual enterprises, and that energy of 

character which is an essential element of greatness. 
great civil and moral reformers, require a large de- 
unent of this faculty, to meet, and overcome error. 
It gives the propelling ability, courage and force of char- 
acter, and energy to talent, and moral effort. It acts 
bedience to Conscientiousness, in such patriots as 
ton, in repelling unjust foreign aggression. 
Philoprogenitiveness arouses it in the parent to protect 

calls it to its aid, in behalf of 

friends. to the Orator cither in 

forum or pulpit; it gave Luther his power, to face 

the Papal dynasty, an to carry forward the refor- 

A man without I and its n 

bor Destrucl may be compared, to with- 

out i I fill, in 

every moral and social duty, should 



68 COMBATIVENESS. 

never be called a bad one. It is only its abuse which 
leads to contention and quarreling among neighbors, 
and between nations. War, is an abuse of this faculty, 
(in connection w T ith Acquis., Self-Esteem and Des- 
truct.) and like a razor which may be used to cut one's 
throat, yet in its proper sphere, is useful and necessary. 

Very Large. One having Combat, very large, has very 
strong resisting force, and will exert a commanding in- 
fluence for good or for ill. With an active temperament, 
will readily fire up to bold resistance in behalf of self, 
friends, or property; and has the ability and disposition 
to defend rights. With large reasoning organs, will be 
very fond of argument, and contend earnestly for political 
or religious opinions. 

Large, is courageous, and bold in resistance ; and 
when aroused to high excitement by opposition, or by 
some great occasion, will be intrepid, forcible, and com- 
manding, in feeling, language, and action. Combined 
with very large Caution, will not be rash, and will often 
appear timid, and wanting in bravery. Such a person in 
the capacity of a soldier, will fight well under cover, but 
dislike an open field; when cornered, will be desperate, 
and with small Caution will be reckless. Combined 
with a strong intellect, it leads to a love of intellectual 
combat ; and with large Appro, and Lang., to assume the 
opposite merely for the sake of argument. With the 
intellectual and moral organs only average, and Destruct. 
large; fighting and quarreling will be the result. 

Full, will manifest a fair amount of energy, force 
and courage, yet other organs being equal, will not be 
quarrelsome, or contentious; can generally take care of 
self, and maintain personal rights, and will not be tram- 
pled, or insulted, and bear it in silence. With an active 
temperament, will be quick tempered, yet will not hold 
resentment, unless Firm., and Destruct. are very large — 
"Peace if we can, war if we must," will be the motto. 

Average, will prefer an even sea, to a storm, and not 
court opposition ; yet when attacked, or oppressed, will 



nr.sTiircTn i.\r GO 

manif iderable resistance and general energy of 

character. Will choose to avoid contentions persons, 

Ills, fee., ami desire "peace with all men." If 

ruct. and Finn, be large, combined with an active 
temperament ; will have strong temper when aroused by 

ited insult, hut when the opposition ceases, resist- 
ance will also cease. 

Moderate, may get angry, but will not be dangerous 
or quarrelsome, and will be likely to bear insults and in- 
juries, till forbearance "ceases to be a virtue, 5 ' but can 
contend for rights to some extent if driven to it, and with 
moderate Caution, will show a tolerable degree of cour- 
age. With large Firm, and Destruct., and a good intel- 
lect, will manifest steady resistance, but will not be rash 
or impassioned, and if forced by circumstances to quar- 
rel, will contend on the defensive. 

Small. One having Combat, small, will be too ready 
to accept of peace at the expense of personal rights, and 
Buffer long before resenting an injury: will lack bravery 
and efficiency, and with large social and moral organs, 
and only average Destruct. will be pre-eminently amiable 
and peaceable ; will fail to carry forward any bold enter- 
prise of a political or moral character, where opposition 
is to be met, and overcome. 

Very Small, will be too tame and cowardly, to ac- 
complish any thing requiring force and courage, whatev- 
er may be the size of other organs. 

7. DESTRUCTIVENESS. 
Execu i indignation , efficiency, force, severity* 

The organ is located above, and extending a little 
Lward from the external opening of the ear. A large 
lopment of the organ, gives width through the head 
from ear to ear. All carnivorous animals, from the lion 
to the cat, arc very broad through this region of the head, 
while herbivorous tribes of animals, such as the camel, 
deer, sheep, and rabbit, are narrow in the same region. 



70 DESTRUCTIVENESS 

7. Big Thunder. 8. Ceylonese Boy. 



7 Destructiveness, very large. 7 Destructiveness, very small. 

10 Secretiveness, very large. 10 Secretiveness, very small. 

Adaptation. Man, is surrounded by sickness, sor- 
row, pain, and death; dangerous animals exist around 
him. to be destroyed ; evil, and error, to be exterminated ; 
and if man is carnivorous to any extent, this part of his 
nature demands the life of animals to be taken, to supply 
him with food. This faculty, brings man into harmony 
with this condition of things. It is an essential element 
of force, efficiency and power, both of a mental and phys- 
ical character. It gives penalty to all law, and without 
it, no government could exist, or justice be maintained 
among men. Its first, distinctive object, is self preser- 
vation, and leads to the extermination of all that endan- 
gers our own existence. It imparts weight to indigna- 
tion, and gives an unflinching power to carry forward the 
discharge of duty, even though it may give temporary 
pain to ourselves or others. It enables one to endure 
pain with fortitude, and when necessary, (as in surgery) 
to inflict it upon others. Carnivorous animals, have 
claws to hold their prey, sharp teeth to tear, and incisors 
to cut flesh, combined with an appetite for flesh and 
blood ; a digestive apparatus to dissolve it ; and a large 
development of the organ of destructiveness to impart 
the impulse to destroy animals, by which to supply 
themselves with food, together with large Secret, to ena- 
ble them to surprise their prey. On the other hand, we 
discover the perfect beauty and order of nature, in the 



DESTRUCTIVENESS. 71 

Constitution of such animals as feed on grass and herbs. 
They have blunt teeth to 'crop the flowery food ;' square 
grinding teeth, to masticate, and digestive organs suited 
to their natural aliment, and their disposition corresponds 
with their condition. They neither require destructive- 
to kill their food, or secretiveness to surprise it, as it 
I their approach. Hence they are narrow 
through the brain in the region of Destruct. and Secret., 
and manifest those faculties in a subordinate degree. 
Man, is an animal, so far as self-preservation and his 
physical wants, and animal propensities are concerned. 
The impulse to destroy, and cause pain, is necessary in 
man, to complete his character, and bring him into har- 
mony with the circumstances of sublunary things. The 
abuse only, of this faculty is to be feared. ''Thou shalt 
not kill," (murder) implies the existence of the faculty, 
and its liability to abuse. Combined, with strong animal 
propensities generally, with feeble moral and intellectual 
powers, it leads to cruelty, revenge and murder. 

The North American Indians, have the organ large, 
with moderate Benev. ; hence, their cruelty and revenge, 
with ability to endure pain and death without a murmur 
or a sigh. Tardy and Gibbs, pirates ; Bellingham, 
Le Blanc and Peter Robinson, murderers; King Robert 
Bruce, Black Hawk and Big Thunder, warriors; Luther, 
Knox, Leggett, and many other writers, orators, war- 
riors and murderers, that might be named, had the organ 
large. Combined with large moral and intellectual or- 
gans, it gives moral and intellectual energy, and severe 
censure upon those who violate moral law. To the ora- 
tor, it gives ec]ge t sternness, and the power of satire ; to 
the lawyer, severity toward his opponent ; to the surgeon, 
nerve; to the warrior, efficiency, and coolness in view of 
pain and slaughter, and in every lane of life, it serves to 
give weight to character and effort. 

Very Large. A person having Destruct. very largr, 
is severe, forcible and indignant when highly excited, 
and with large Firm., and a bil ious temperament, will be 
able to witness surgical operations, or a sanguine battle 
field; and with average Caution, and large Combat., 



rZ DESTRUCTIVENESS. 

would not as a soldier, wince even at the cannon's mouth* 
Combined with an active temperament, large Combat. i 
Appro, and Self Esteem, will be quick, and high tem- 
pered, and require to watch much, against the passion of 
anger. With small Combat., and large Firm, and Cau- 
tion, will be "slow to wrath, but sure when up." 

Large, has great sternness and force of character, 
when excited, and deep toned indignation toward objects of 
displeasure. Has much warmth and vehemence of tem- 
per, and will often utter bitter remarks against enemies 3 
and religious, or political error. With large Consci., 
Firm., and Combat., will censure injustice, and vice* 
even in high places (like Luther, Knox and others.) 
With strong social organs, and moderate Secret., will 
love friends ardently, yet be liable to wound their feel- 
ings, and having weight and force of character, will pos- 
sess the elements of government. With large Combat., 
Firm, and Self Esteem, and a good intellect, will be bold* 
energetic, vindictive, dignified, and persevering, against 
every opposition ; drive forward and upward to distinct 
tion ; carry out great enterprises, and be able to do much 
good in the world, being qualified by nature for a leader 
in society. With the above combination, and a feeble 
moral development, will be cruel and dangerous when 
excited. If the head be large, and all other organs large, 
this should be large also, to complete the character* 
Destruct., when kept under the control of a good intellect 
and strong moral sentiments, is an agent of good, and its 
manifestations useful and virtuous. 

Full, is forcible, yet will not cause unnecessary pain, 
or be very severe when excited; is able to command res- 
pect, and overcome the common difficulties of life 
When it is necessary to cause pain, or to take the life 
of animals, will do it at a blow, causing as little pain as 
possible, and dislikes to see animals tortured. 

Average, does not willingly give pain to the feelings 
of others, or to animals, will require great excitement to 
become severe in word or deed, and then, it will be only 



OTSTRUCTIVENESS. 73 

momentary — will rarely feel disposed to revenge ; and 
lack the power to be sufliciently severe, to command re- 
spect from others. With only average Combat, Firm, 
and Self-Esteem, will be too easy with animals and men, 
to govern the one, or claim and maintain personal rights 
with the other, and be likely to be imposed upon by the 
h and overbearing. With large Caution, Secret., 
-ci., Benev. and Adhes. added, will seldom show 
anger, and be inoffensive, amiable and peaceable, and 
too kind and unassuming to command respect, or exert 
much influence in common society. 

Moderate, will give back when closely pressed by 
adversity or opposition, and lack efficiency to grapple 
with "the ills that flesh is heir to;" cannot carry out a 
well formed purpose, if the necessity to cause pain lies 
in the way; as a debater cannot exercise severity, even 
against error; as a clergyman will rarely preach the ter- 
rors of the law; as a soldier would sicken at the sight of 
blood, and would never make a good butcher ; as a juror 
would lean toward mercy and commutation of punish- 
ment. 

Small, is too sensitive in view of pain, and has a de- 
sire to relieve it, but is too deficient in this faculty to car- 
ry out such good wishes; seldom, if ever, feels resent- 
ment or indignation; is too easily controlled by others, 
and so mild in reproof, that the word lacks force and 
edge; seldom threatens others, and is not able to rise 
above the opposition of mankind. 

kv Small, is the reverse of efficient and executive, 
in any thing; with large Combat., may threaten but will 
never execute. If mankind waited for such persons to 
butcher for them, they would cease to use animal food. 



74 ALIMENT1VENESS. 

8. ALIMENTIVENESS, 

Desire for food and aliment in general. 

Located, just forward of the top of the ear. 

Adaptation. The proper manifestation of this faculty, 
is as a porter at the door, to say how much, and what 
kind of nourishment, the body requires. Its abuses, are 
gluttony, drunkenness, and the use of narcotics and ex- 
hilerants, such as opium, tea, tobacco, spirituous li* 
quors, &c. Children, usually have this organ large, 
while the physical system is obtaining its growth and 
strength. Indulgent mothers, too often produce a mor- 
bid activity of this organ in their children, by feeding 
them with rich dainties, not only to manifest their fond- 
ness, but to keep them quiet, by which course restless* 
ness is induced, when another application is made to the 
same source, to allay it. Indeed, rich food, confection- 
ary, fruit, nuts, &c, are often promised the child, as a 
reward of obedience and close study. This is murder- 
ing the constitution by piecemeal, and enlarging this or- 
gan, to immoderate size, and morbid activity ; and no 
wonder that children thus trained, are sickly, and at ma- 
turity, rush to the bottle for stimulus. Let temperance, 
begin in the nursery in regard to diet, and at mature life, 
there will be less ill health and intemperance, with their 
attendant train of evils. Mother ! this work of reforma- 
tion is thine ! ''Health is the poor man's blessing ; the 
rich man's bliss." Who ever knew a half starved beggar, 
to have dyspepsy, or the gout ? Who ever knew strict 
temperance, and industry, to entertain such guests? 
When all the laws of nature are reversed, and truth be- 
comes falsehood ; then, and not till then, can this be the 
case. 

Very Large; One in whom this organ is very iarge, 
will think much of the delicacies of the culinary depart- 
ment, and often count upon a rich dinner — will be care- 
ful to provide bountifully for the table, and never die in 
debt to the stomach. Will need to guard well against 
habits of intemperance, in all its forms. 



ACQUISITIVENESS. 'O 

Large, will prize a good cook, or be capable of becom- 
will know bow to season a dish, so as to com- 
' it to the appetite; will use many condiments; and 
with large Philo., coax children by offering cakes, ran- 
dies, Sic. ; seldom forgets the dinner hour, or is ab 
from duty on that occasion. 

Full, will relish food and drink, very well; but have 
less anxiety on the subject than one with the organ large ; 
will take prudent care in respect to "what we shall eat, 
and what we shall drink.'' 

Average, can get along with, or without luxuries; 
will regard quality more than quantity; is not dainty, or 
particular respecting food and drink. 

Moderate, is indifferent as to variety, or luxuries; 
eats to live, rather than lives to eat. 

Small or Very Small, prefers plainness and simplic- 
ity, in drink and diet ; and will not be likely to become 
intemperate, or make a popular cook. 

9. ACQUISITIVENESS. 

re to possess, the idea of ownership, a propensity to 
acquire, to have, to keep. 

Located between Constructiveness%nd Secretiveness, 
and above Alimentiveness; about an inch and a half up- 
ward, and forward, of the top of the ear, — on the naked 
skull it is found at the anterior, inferior angle, of the 
parietal bone. When large it gives great width to the 
head, in that region. 

Adaptation. All our ideas of property, and personal 
ownership, arise from this faculty. It is strongly marked 
in the Anglo-American head, and small in the American 
Indian : the one is too eager, and the other too careless, 
to acquire property. The former, requires more than is 
necessary for happiness; the latter lives from hand to 



76 ACQUISITIVENESS. 

mouth* lays up nothing for the future, and idles away 
life. Without this faculty, man would never emerge 
from the savage state, but, like animals, seek the daily 
supply of his wants, regardless of the future. The divis- 
ion of labor, arises from trade, and the desire to acquire. 
This inspires a spirit of improvement in the arts and sci- 
ences, which distinguish civilized society. It is useful, 
in gathering the bounties of a munificent Providence ; 
creating wealth by labor, and providing in youth, and 
health, for sickness, and age. The injunction, "be dili- 
gent in business," recognizes this faculty, and gives coun- 
tenance to its exercise ; but the command, "Thou shalt 
not steal," as strongly forbids its abuse. Covetousness, 
also, is an abuse of this faculty* and the tenth command- 
ment thunders against that exercise of it, This organ is 
too large* and too active, in the people of the United 
States. There is a morbid anxiety, an unnatural haste, 
to be rich, Wealth is made the standard of respectabili- 
ty, and property, in the eye of thousands, covers a multi- 
tude of sins. There is not property enough in the world, 
to make all mankind wealthy ; hence great wealth must 
be possessed by a few at the expense of others. In view 
of this, can we love our neighbor as ourselves, and de- 
sire to be very rich ? Agur's petition exhibits the proper 
feeling : "Give me neither poverty, nor riches," &c. 

The faculty under consideration, is the foundation of 
the enterprises of mankind, and enters largely, into all 
the business of life. It inspires governments to extend their 
territory, by discovery, and by conquest ; while individual 
enterprise, builds cities, establishes commerce, culti- 
vates trade, and fosters the manufacturing and agricultu- 
ral interests. The desire for gain, goads forward the- 
genius of mechanics, to invent valuable machinery ; it 
touches the poet's pen, as with a flame of fire ; and fame 
is sought by the orator, and statesman, that wealth (as 
well as power) may follow in its train. The iron hand 
of poverty, or more properly the desire for gain, has been 
the entering wedge, to'almost every valuable improvement 
in the arts, which bless mankind. Good may result to 
the great whole, by the individual abuse of Acquisitive- 
ness, "but woe unto him, by whom the" abuse "come^th," 



ACQUISITIVENESS. 77 

Arnold, for the sake of British gold, sold his country; and 
Judaa iold his Lord. It was the abuse of Ac- 

quisitiveness, which produced the American Revolution. 
An unjust extortion of taxes from the colonies, cut them 
from British dominion forever. Interest often, and 
;il most always takes precedence of honest justice, in intcr- 
Iation. Treaties are violated when interest 
demands it, and justice is pushed aside. An inordinate 
love of money, aims the deadly steel in the hands of the 
highwayman and pirate, and is the cause of treachery, 
forgery, fraud and falsehood. These abuses arise from 
Acquisitiveness, very large, with a feeble development of 
the moral organs, and bad training. A good develop- 
ment of this organ, is necessary, to suit man to his con- 
dition, and when properly balanced by the moral senti- 
ments and intellect, combined with proper education, 
its manifestations are virtuous, producing industry and 
economy. 

Very Large. One in whom this organ is very large, 
sets a high value upon any thing which can be called 
property; is eager to acquire, to lay up, to have and to 
save ; has a strong thirst for riches ; likes to call things 
mine; is reluctant to part with money, or property ; is of- 
ten close and penurious ; cannot endure profligacy, or 
waste ; does business for its profit, and is arduous and per- 
severing to make money. With very large moral organs, 
and Appro, and Self-Esteem full ; will be honest, as well 
as eager in the acquisition of property ; but if the moral 
organs be only average, combined with large Destruct., 
Combat, and Self-Esteem, the person will be hard faced 
in deal ; always want the best of a bargain, and get it if 
possible ; pay a small price for much service ; drive a team 
beyond its strength ; make ungenerous exactions of la- 
borers ; rise early and toil late, and make others do the 
same, and with large Caution and Secret, added, will be 
on the alert for thieves, hence use many precautions 
and locks ; will often be suspicious that others wish to 
cheat in trade, and will watch them closely ; and with 
only small Consci., Self-Esteem and Appro., will lie and 
cheat outright, and be strongly tempted to steal. 



78 



ACQUISITIVENESS. 



Large, manifests much anxiety to acquire, to have and 
possess; feels a loss keenly and in business deals closely. 
If the temperament be active, and the propelling pow- 
ers strong, the person will be industrious and active in 
business, and keep a close eye upon the ways and means 
to acquire. With large Consci., will be honest, yet eager 
for gain ; with very large Benev., large Hope, and moder- 
ate Caution added, will be liberal in distribution-to friends 
if Adhes, be large—to children, if Philo. be large, and 
with a good intellect, and large Appro., to great public 
enterprises, to the endowment of schools, and the like ; 
and with large Ven., to objects of a christian character. 
All those who have large Acquis., do not regard money r 
and make it an idol. The kind of property which one 
desires, is determined by the other faculties. Neither do 
all keep money or property, who have the organ large ; 
distribution being governed by the other feelings. Hence,, 
the scholar, (or one in whom the intellect rules,) acquires 
books; — one with large Ven. and Marvel., collects the 
antiquarian cabinet — with large Color, Ideality, Form 
and Order, seeks to acquire paintings, flowers, statuary,. 
&c. ; with Appro, large, desires dress, ornamental furni- 
ture and showy equipage. Large Philo., will task Ac- 
quis, for the benefit of children ; large Aliment., to pro- 
cure the indulgence of the table, or the cup ; large Amat. 
to gratify that desire. With very large Appro, and Self- 
Esteem , will sacrifice money for office, station, great 
name and dignity. If Caution be large, the person will 
be prudent and saving ; Hope moderate added, will fear 
coming to want, and cling still closer to what is acquired ; 
will rarely run in debt, or fail in business ; will never let 
go a sure and steady profit, for uncertain speculations, 
and will often, through fear of loss, let good opportunities 
for making money, pass unimproved. If Caution be on- 
ly average, and Hope and Appro, large, will wish to do a 
large, and splendid business, to make money on a large 
scale, and hence will run headlong into rash speculations, 
and be too careless of the small change, the "little leak 
that sinks the great ship." 



ACQUISITIVENESS. 79 

Fi it. . Acquisitiveness full, imparts to its possessor 
frugality, economy, and a proper love of possession. But 
MBci. be leficient, will often discover the "tricks of 
trade," over-reach in bargains, disregard the Golden, and 
gO hv the Silver rule, i. e. get money honestly if conve- 
nient, if //c/, get it. If Benev. be moderate or small, will 
liberal to objects of charity, unless it be for the 
purpose of making a show. If the animal propensities be 
strong, will acquire money, and spend it for thdr gratifi- 
11. If the moral organs be well developed, combined 
with a good intellect, and large Appro, and Self-Esteem, 
will despise dishonorable means in acquiring property, 
will be prudent and saving in business transactions, yet 
manifest a generous liberality. With large Ideal, and 
Construct., will display a regard both to taste and dura- 
bility, in buildings, furniture, and in the purchase of 
property. 

Average, looks upon money rather as a means than 
as an end ; is satisfied with the comforts and conveniences 
of life ; and has but little ambition to be rich ; but if Ap- 
pro, and Self-Esteem be large, will crave wealth for the 
standing, consequence and display it will afford, and spend 
money freely upon any thing which will feed those feel- 
ings. With Hope large, and Caution moderate, will buy 
what is wanted to-day, regardless of to-morrow; make 
large promises, and be likely to get into difficulty in bu- 
siness; lets little sums slip through the fingers; can make 
money better than keep it ; and with the social organs 
and Benev. large, will be free and generous to friends. 
With Benev. small, and the social feelings weak, will be 
selfish, and ungenerous, and although not eager to 
acquire, yet will be cold and close-fisted. 

Moderate, loves money only for the comforts which 
it buys ; is not very eager to acquire, and is rather free 
and liberal in expenditures; does not make wealth a test 
of respectability ; governs expenses by present possessions, 
rather than by a love of cash; finds it difficult to keep; 
is rather too free; buys what the other faculties demand, 
without much regard to price, and is hardly saving enough 



80 SECRETIVENESS. 

to get along well in the world. With only average rea- 
soning organs, will get cheated in trade. 

Small, will not be likely to accumulate a fortune, or 
save one which may have been transmitted, and is too 
indifferent to property, to lay up the necessaries of life ; 
with moderate Combat, and Caution, will not undergo 
the toil, necessary to accumulate, but live as it were from 
hand to mouth, and if Hope be large, will let to-morrow 
take care of itself. 

Very Small, is reckless in respect to property and 
business matters ; pays no regard to price ; feels in the 
pocket for money rather than to labor for it, and when it 
is empty, runs in debt ; is always in debt, and generally 
out of cash. 

10. SECRETIVENESS. 

Disposition to conceal and suppress thoughts, power of 
mental reservation. 

This organ is situated next above Destructiveness, and 
back of Acquisitiveness. 

Adaptation. We have thoughts, almost constantly 
rushing into the mind, the expression of which would not 
be judicious. The office of Secretiveness, is, to conceal 
those thoughts which present themselves involuntarily, 
until a proper time and place for their utterance. Thus 
it will be seen, that this organ is given to man for a wise 
purpose, and is necessary to impart prudence in language 
and action. But there are so many in community who 
abuse this faculty, that it is as necessary now, as it was 
in olden time, for the conscientious individual, to say, 
as did the sweet singer of Israel, "Draw me not away with 
the wicked, and with the workers of iniquity, which speak 
peace to their neighbors, but mischief is in their hearts." 
If there was no faculty in the mind the abuses of which, 
are falsehood, deception, and perjury, there would have 
been no necessity for the command, "Thou shalt not 



SECRETIVENESS. 81 

I (gainst thy neighbor." The Bible, 
therefore, recognises this faculty, and speaks against its 
se. A groat endowment of Secretiveness, enables its 
possessor to throw a veil over all his actions; "to shape 
for all occasions;" and thus render it utterly 
for the most skillful Physiognomist, to 
nam his character, by observing the features, and 
ii of hi- face. "When Napoleon thought him- 
rved, he had the power of discharging 
i his countenance all expression, save that of an in- 
definite smile, and presenting to the curious investigator, 
the fixed eyes, and rigid features, of a marble bust." We 
ie persons a kind of openness and frankness 
pression and manner, which at once leads us to con- 
ir real feelings, and almost read their thoughts, 
before they are uttered. Their plans, either for business 
or pleasure, are all known to their acquaintances and 
friends, and they despise those, who, in every thing they 
do or say, practice cunning and finesse. This arises 
from a too small development of Secretiveness. There 
are others, of an opposite character, who do not transact 
their common business even,without enjoining upon those 
with wheal they may be dealing, the most profound 
They always make private bargains, and if they 
to speak with an individual on a matter of no mo- 
ment, when others are near, they will address them in a 
tone of voice, or take them aside. Every thing they 
do has an air of mystery about it ; and when interrogated 
on any subject, they are very careful, not to give any an- 
which can be brought to militate against them- 
Washington had this organ large, and during 
the revolutionary war, he made use of many stratagems 
d and deceive his opponents, and in many in- 
es concealed from the view of the enemy, his real 
gth ; thus saving his army from immediate destruc- 
■jurse was necessary, and justifiable in war. 
hington had large Conscientiousness, and in private, 
U as in a public capacity, he was honest and confid- 
and at the same time prudent in the expression of 
.its : qualities, always to be desired. Secretive* 



82 SECRETIVENES9. 

ness is manifested in a high degree by some of the lower 
animals, such as the fox, the raccoon, the cat, &,c. It 
produces in them, that slyness, cunning, and instinctive 
sagacity, for which they are so noted. Children, some- 
times have this organ very large, and it renders them 
trickish, cunning, sly, and disposed to practice deception. 
These traits of character, which they manifest at an early 
period, are often mistaken by parents, for shrewdness 
of intellect, when they are merely the effect of the animal 
feeling of Secretiveness. Parents, therefore, should re- 
member that such manifestations in a child, are not in- 
dicative of strong powers of mind ; for idiotic persons, 
sometimes exhibit them in an extraordinary degree. 
This organ was very large in Big Thunder, G. M. Gott- 
fried, a murderess of great cunning and sagacity, and 
small in the Ceylonese boy. 

Very Large. One having Secretiveness very large, 
will be cunning, crafty and sly ; keep all plans and busi- 
ness operations, from the view of others ; make private 
bargains, and conceal all matters relating to self, from 
the scrutiny of the world; with the moral organs large, 
will not deceive others to their injury, or vary from the 
direct line of truth; but with those organs moderate, and 
Acquis, large, will be well versed in all the 'tricks of 
trade/ and take great pleasure in deceiving. 

Large, has the ability to conceal plans; does not 
speak what enters the mind, without first letting the in- 
tellect judge of its propriety, or impropriety; is non- 
committal, and employs much art, in accomplishing plans 
which need concealment; with moderate Consci., will 
tell a falsehood when the truth would answer the purpose 
just as well; with large Acquis, added, will take under- 
handed means to acquire property; with large Appro, 
and Self-Esteem added, will think much of the good 
opinion of mankind ; seek popularity; esteem self highly; 
be much offended when called dishonest, and after having 
accumulated a fortune by lying, trickery, arid false pre- 
tences, will suffer no remorse. 



SECRETIVENE6S. 83 

will be careful in the expression of thoughts 
and p ll motives; may use art for the pur- 

somethiag useful and necessary, but not 
with the intention of injuring any one; with large Cau- 
will often wear a cheerful countenance when the 
mind is troubled, and with a larcre development of the 
moral organs, will not be deceitful or trickish. 

Average, will not manifest much cunning or tact, on 
ordinary occasions; but if transacting business which 
requires secrecy, will show considerable adroitness ; is 
generally frank in the expression of feelings and plans, 
and with very large Caution, will be more guarded in 
action, than in the expression of thoughts. 

II 'derate, is candid, and always ready to give ad- 
vice ; rinds difficulty in concealing feelings and plans; 
with large Hope, Combat., and Lang., and average Cau- 
tion, will always be telling of schemes, and have a blunt 
mode of expression. 

Small, is not inclined to practice cunning or art, to 
accomplish ends; speaks in a blunt manner and by so 
doincr, often gives offence; with large Combat., Destruct, 
and Self-Esteem, will be harsh and rough, in language 
and manner, towards an opponent in debate, and in gen- 
eral deportment. 

Very Small, has no power to conceal feelings ; will 
tell of plans and business operations, when they ought to 
be kept secret; is not discreet in the expression of 
thoughts, and lacks that prudence of language necessary 
to general success in the common affairs of life.^ 



84 CAUTIOUSNESS. 

GenilS II • Human, Moral and religious 

SENTIMENTS. 

These are of a higher, more ennobling and refined 
character than the propensities, and draw a line, which 
the lower animals can never pass. In proportion as 
these faculties predominate over the propensities, the 
soul soars in the empire of morality, virtue and refine- 
ment ; but if these be deficient and the propensities strong, 
there will be more of the mere animal, than human qual- 
ities. The organs of these sentiments are situated at 
the superior portion of the head, and when they are large 
it is high and broad ; when small, the upper portion of 
the head is low and narrow* 

Species I. Selfish Sentiments. 

These faculties are superior to the selfish propensities, 
although they make man selfish, and seek to promote his 
individual advancement. When the religious and rea- 
soning faculties are equally large with these, they combine 
to elevate and perfect the character. They are located 
together at the back part of the upper portion of the 
head and when large give height and fulness to that 
region. 

11, CAUTIOUSNESS. 

Sentiment of fear, circumspection, apprehension of danger. 

This organ is located next above Secretiveness, and 
backward from Sublimity, near the middle of each parie- 
tal bone. 

Adaptation. The sentiment of fear has long been 
considered by metaphysicians, an innate, and distinct 
faculty in the human mind. Dr. Gall found that cau- 
tion and fear resulted from a large development of brain 
in the region of the head now under consideration, and 
thus accounted for what was unaccountable to all who 
had preceded him in reasoning upon the different powers 
of the mind. See cuts, Nos. 9 and 10. 



CAUTIOUSNESS. 85 

j .„;,! |. : ,d v . 10 Reoklcn Boy. 11. Mr. ******. 




11 Caution, very large. 11 Caution, very .small. 

This faculty is useful, inasmuch as it leads to circum- 
spection, and keeps many from taking the first step to- 
wards vice, and thus prevents them from plunging into the 
vortex of crime, and bringing upon themselves misery 
and woe. It acts as a check upon the manifestation of 
the other faculties, and leads to prudence of conduct in 
all the various walks of life. When Approbativeness 
tempts its possessor to spend his time and money for the 
purpose of making a display, or of gaining the applause 
of the gaping crowd, Caution says, that applause and fame 
are nothing but vanity ; be careful how you spend your 
time and money for that which will not be of any value, 
when old age or sickness shall have taken the place of 
youth and health. It checks the ravings of Combative- 
ness, and adds prudence to courage. It is sometimes too 

i Tut No. 9, the Timid lady, shows great height and 
width at the region of Caution, organ No. 11, with Firm, and 
i 1 ;in«l 15, also large. We find many females, 
-»lly children, with this development. Cut No. 10, rcpre- 
the head of a boy only seven years of age, whose bead we 
lined at Washington city in 1841. He had frequently pass- 
ed out of tin; dormant windows of a three story house and chased 

f iIm' roof, without the slightest 

tnploy the language of bis lather, u he was 

•Jwaj d in -nine dangerous enterprise ; he never seemed 

t<> lime the sentiment of fear, or to comprehend even the meo** 

nn." Cut No. 11, is remarkable for very large 

- i 16, and very small Firm., No.14. It represents the 

head of i schoolmaster of Conn., who was noted for the most 
scrupulous honesty, and the utmost indecision. 
8 



86 CAUTIOUSNESS. 

large, and produces an overweening anxiety about the 
future, and unfounded apprehensious of danger. 

This feeling is usually very active in children, which is 
the reason why parents are apt to appeal to it in family 
government. This mode of government, however, is 
erroneous, because it appeals to the animal, and not the 
intellectual nature of the child. Parents and teachers 
ehould remember, that children have reasoning powers, 
and should be appealed to through them when they have 
done wrong, rather than by addressing their Cautious- 
ness. All stories about witches, ghosts, &c, appeal di- 
rectly to this sentiment, and excite the fears of children 
and implant in their minds a kind of timidity, which 
length of years, or the judgment of age cannot entirely 
eradicate. Moreover, the excitement of this organ to an 
undue degree of activity, leads to insanity. "Dr. Gal! 
mentions, that, at Vienna, he attended two fathers of 
families in easy circumstances, who nevertheless, were 
tormented night and day with the apprehension that their 
wives and children were exposed to die ol hunger. The 
most earnest assurances of their friends, were insufficient 
to make them comprehend that this fear was altogether 
chimerical. After their recovery, they could not bear to 
hear their condition mentioned, through terror of a re- 
lapse. Before their malady, they were known to be men 
of gloomy dispositions." Cautiousness is usually larger 
in women than in men, which agrees with the difference 
existing between the sexes in regard to fear, and ability 
to shun danger. " Among the lower animals, it is gen- 
erally larger in females than in males ; and Dr. Gall men- 
tions some curious ficts, illustrative of the greater mani- 
festation of the faculty by the former than by the latter. 
He happened to kill, says he, as many as twenty squirrels, 
without finding a single female among them; although it 
was not the season in which they were confined by 
the care of their young. During one winter 590 bears 
were killed in the two provinces of Virginia, among 
which only two females were discovered. An account of 
the wolves destroyed in France, from 1st Jan. 1816 to 1st 
Jan. 1817, was published officially by Count Gerardin, 
Captain of the Royal Chase, and it showed 1894 males and 



CAUTIOUSNESS. 87 

only 699 females. Among the goats, the leader is always 
Kile, and their safety, it will be recollected, arises 
from a high degree of circumspection. "* 

\ LARGE, will be doubtful, and apprehensive of 

even where none exists; deliberate long before 

to a decision on any subject, and fail to enjoy 

the present moment for fear of future ill ; with small Hope, 

and a nervous temperament, will be subject to melan- 

: with moderate Combat, and Destruct. added, will 

not attempt great things, nor set a high mark at which to 

aim ; but with large Firm , Combat., Destruct. and Hope, 

and larnre reasoning organs, will succeed well, and bo 

distinguished for circumspection, prudence, foresight, 

and correct judgment. 

Large, will always be on the lookout for danger, and 
be very careful in action, and hesitate long before giving 
an opinion; with Firm, large, will be stable in opinions, 
when Caution is satisfied that all is right, with large 
Combat, and Destruct. added, will manifest prudence of 
character, united with courage, perseverance, and stabil- 
but with moderate Combat, and Destruct., will be 
<>lute and timid. With Appro, and Yen. very large, 
and Comb it. moderate, even if the intellectual organs are 
large, and the mind well cultivated, will be exceedingly 
bashful, take a middle walk in life, and lack that force 
and energy necessary to overcome those difficulties and 
obstacles which always obstruct the path of man. 

Fill, has a good share of caution, and prudence, and 
as a general thing, looks out for, and guards against dan- 
ger, and makes provision for the future; with very large 
Combat, and Destruct., will sometimes appear rash, and 
careless, and with large Hope and Acquis, added, be like- 
ly to speculate, and run risks in business; with Acquis., 
, and Combat, moderate, will seek some employ- 
ment, which will yield a sure, and steady profit, and will 
not venture much in speculation. 

*Co:. m of Phrenology, Boston Ed., p. 243. 



88 APPROBATIVENESS. 

Average, has some care for the future but does not, 
at all times manifest sufficient caution to guard against 
accidents ; with large organs of the propensities, and 
large Hope, will readily embark on new schemes, and 
enterprises, and pursue them with zeal and efficiency. 

Moderate, has not much prudence of character; lacks 
that degree of Caution necessary to guard successfully 
against danger; is apt to be hasty and impetuous, and 
with a good intellect, will take means to escape impend- 
ing ills, by the strength of reason, but will not be fear- 
ful or timid. 

Small, is heedless ; pays little regard to the future ; 
runs into danger when there is no need of it ; meets with 
many accidents, and "hair breadth escapes ;" with large 
Hope, will be habitually cheerful; with moderate Con- 
sci. and large Acquis., will always be engaging in rash, 
and injudicious speculations^ and be very likely to fail in 
business. 

Very Small, is exceedingly rash, and impetuous* 
destitute of fear, and takes but little care for the future. 

12. APPROBATIVENESS. 

Sense of character, love of praise, desire of approval. 

Located on each side of Self-Esteem, and back of 
Conscientiousness. 

Adaptation. Man's fondness for society, seems to 
render it proper that he should regard his standing with, 
and the opinions entertained of him by his associates. 
This love of approval is an innate sentiment in man, and 
is one of his strongest incentives to enterprise, and when 
legitimately exercised, promotes virtue and good order. 
It is recognized in the scriptures in many places, but 
especially in the parable of the servants who received the 
talents, to whom it was said, "well done, good and faithful 
servants," &,c. The love of approbation,of praise, sense 



AlTROr,ATI\ BN1 89 

of character, desire to please and be approved, which wo 

is in liic human mind, implies a distinction in 
irds t he public will. This faculty, ia always 
renceto the standard of |)nl)lic opinion in 
tv in which one resides. J t does not decide what 
:ht and proper, but what are praiseworthy or 
i ,i:i the nation, neighborhood or society, of which 
ia a part. In every nation and community, 
some standard, some criterion of respectability, 
or fashion. Among the Indians, the best hunter, the 
inner and most cruel warrior, are most respected. 
With the low and vulgar of civilized nations, the strong- 
. m, the crreatest wrestler, fishier, or lie who can car- 
irdent spirit at once, Sec, is most popular, 
others, the greatest wealth, the richest furniture, 
or the finest attire; and with others, learning, oratory, 
lily or refinement, give the marks of character and 
'lion, is what Approbativencss 
- upon, and when the fashion is right and the stand- 
ard oi popularity the true one, its manifestations are pro- 
ductive of good. The influence of this faculty is very 
irtant, in restraining persons from acts of immorality, 
which would bring reproach ; and often speaks a language 
mdatory in its character as that of Conscientiousness, 
ia to do right ; while Approbativeness, warns 
shun (!i.<<?rarc. Those who boldly assert that they 
care nothing for public opinion, and disregard what peo- 
ple may say or think of them, are generally far advanced 
in vice, or to say the least, are destitute of one very great 
lard to their morals. How many young men are 
correct in their habits while surrounded by a circle of ac- 
quaintances, being restrained by the love of reputation ; 
who recklessly plunge into debauchery and crime as soon 
as they leave their native place, and get beyond the influ- 
ence of those whose good opinion they regard ! The 
love of approbation, is among the most absorbing of the 
human sentiments. The main reason why fame is but a 
that this faculty is immoderately indulged, 
untempered by the moral sentiments, and an enlightened 
intellect. An "honest fame" is laudable, and should bo 
sought by all. This is one of the most prolific sources 
8* 



90 APPROBATIVENESS. 

of influence with the human race, especially the young-. 
Appeal to this, and every latent energy is called into ac- 
tivity. How important then, that we study the nature of 
this faculty, and place high and pure motives for the 
aspiration of the rising generation, that so strong an im- 
petus may be properly exercised. 

Very Large. One having Appro, very large, values 
character highly ; is keenly sensitive to the slightest 
breath of slander ; often feels ashamed when it is unne- 
cessary ; cannot bear reproach or ridicule ; is mortified 
at small mistakes, or accidents in company; often asks 
what people will think or say of this, or that act; and 
will sacrifice personal ease, to please others. When com- 
bined with large Caution and Ven., and only average 
Self-Esteem and Combat., will be very diffident and 
bashful in society, especially among strangers ; and will 
fear to act lest some reproach shall follow; be tormented 
with the fear of giving offence, of losing reputation, or of 
"being laughed at by others, and cannot be independent. 
Men, having this organ very large, with Combat, and 
Self-Esteem also very large, will seek office with avidity, 
and claim it as a matter of right, and be proud, vain and 
overbearing in office. With Self-Esteem, Combat., Con- 
sci. and Firm, only average, will be controlled by the 
popular will, right or wrong, and follow the fashion, re- 
gardless of any consequence, except personal popularity. 

Large. One in whom this organ is large, thinks very 
highly of character and honor; is fond of admiration and 
approval ; cannot bear censure without pain ; is fond of 
making a good appearance, and a favorable impression; 
is ambitious to be noticed and appreciated ; cannot en- 
dure to be slighted, or neglected, and with large De- 
struct. and Combat., will contend sharply for reputation, 
and feel much bitterness towards the slanderer. With 
large reasoning organs, will be ambitious to excel in in- 
tellectual pursuits, and to rise to eminence among man- 
kind, and with large Secret, added, will never acknowl- 
edge faults, and when they are proved, will plead extenu- 
ating circumstances. With large Acquis., will have a 



APPR0BAT1VENESS. ( .H 

Strong desire for wealth, not only for its own sake, but 
also lor the distinction it affords; will boast of property, 
and place it in a conspicuous light to make a show in 
the world, and perhaps boast of rich acquaintances and 
rHan\ es. It' the social organs be large, with large Lang., 
Ideal., and moderate Self-Fsteem ; will be extremely po- 
lite and affable, and with large Secret, added, will have a 
winning popular deportment, and the faculty to say and do 
things, so as to please. With Consci. moderate and 
Secret, very large, will often be guilty of gross immoral- 
ities, yet keep a fair exterior, and perhaps for years, sus- 
tain a good reputation, and with large Ven. added, will 
make pretensions to religion, and for the sake of popu- 
larity act the outward devotee to perfection, until truth, 
reveals the arrant hypocrite, and displays the Pharisee in 
all his deformity. Such a combination "makes clean 
the out side of the cup and platter, while within, they 
are full of extortion and excess.'' But when Appro, is 
large, combined with large reasoning and moral organs, 
the person will highly regard character and the good 
opinion of men, and be consistent and honest in all 
things, and controlled by public opinion and fashion, so 
far as it is laudable, and no further. 

Full, is ambitious to please, and to excel in labor, 
study, &c, yet will not do or suffer much, to gain distinc- 
tion ; with a good intellect, will prize temperate and judi- 
cious praise without being vain ; will not be morbidly 
sensitive to censure, and if Self-Esteem, Firm, and Com- 
bat, be large, will take a straight forward, independent 
course, and with large Consci. added, will do right, and 
please self first, and be glad in so doing, to meet the ap- 
proval of others. "With a weak intellect, and bad train- 
ing, will be a "vain boaster;" set a high value upon 
dress, show, ornament, praise and popularity. 

<;e, is temperately fond of praise; and if well 
educated, will seek for that approval which arises from 
good motives and correct conduct. Is not indifferent to 
character, nor very sensitive in respect to the opinions 



92 APPROBATIVENESS. 

of others. If Self-Esteem and Combat, he large, and 
Adhes., Benev. and Secret, moderate, will be too inde- 
pendent and plain to secure general popularity; will say 
harsh things to friends, and wound the feel mors of the 
sensitive, and although possessed of fine talents, will be 
respected more for ability, than ease of manner and 
suavity of disposition, and have many enemies; and if 
Acquis, be large, will think more of money than of 
friends or fame, and be close in deal, and very unpopular. 

Moderate, seeks first to please self, and if the course 
which seems to be right meets the sanction of others, 
well — if not, will not lie awake nights on that account; 
is not troubled by fashion, or the public will, and with 
large Self-Esteem, will study personal convenience, and 
pay little regard to that of others, will take office or dis- 
tinction with coolness, and feel insulted when flattered. 
With large Consci. and small Secret., will often accuse 
self, and acknowledge faults. 

Small, thinks too little of character; will say and do 
that which is indiscreet, and censurable. If the moral 
organs and Combat, be large, will seldom, if ever, con- 
sult expediency, but take a bold, fearless course, and do 
what appears to be right if a whole world chides, and 
every fashion is arrayed against it. With Ideal, and 
Order small, will be careless in dress, manners, and gen- 
eral deportment. 

Very Small, is reckless of public opinion, and with 
strong propensities, serves self on all occasions, and is 
extremely unpopular, and needs very large moral organs, 
to keep within the periphery of the civil law. 



SELF-ESTEEM. 



93 



13. SELF-ESTEEM. 

Self -complacency, dignity, personal independence. 

This organ is located on the middle line of the head, 
adjoining, and backward of Firmness, at that point where 
the head usually begins to slope backward. (See loca- 
tion of Firmness.) 



r.\ Arrogance. 



13. Modesty. 




in Self-Esteem, very large. 



13 Self-Esteem, very small. 



Adaptation. Some persons, when told that there is 
an innate feeling of self-esteem in man, from which pride 
may arise, at once object to phrenology, inasmuch as 
moralists, and the scriptures, teach that humility is a vir- 
tue, and that we must mortify self, kc. Self-Esteem is as 
necessary in the mind, as any other emotion ; but, like all 
other faculties, it is liable to abuse. The great error 
consists in loving self too much, and others too little. 
Christ, in his teaching, recognized this principle of self- 
love, when he said, "love thy neighbor, as" (but not hettcr 
than) "thyself;" thus making self-love the high criterion 
of fraternal love ; as much as if he had said, it ifl natural 
and proper, that you should love yourselves, and now all 



94 SELF-ESTEEM. 

that I require is, that you love others as well as, but no 
better than, you do yourselves. Self-Esteem, is as deep- 
ly implanted in the nature of man, and as just in its law- 
ful manifestations as any other sentiment ; it gives self- 
satisfaction and complacency; a desire to ri^e among 
men ; imparts confidence in one's own powers, and 
makes us value what is ours, and what we say, and do. It 
gives independence of judgment, and leads us to be satis- 
fied with our talents, and our personal identity, which no 
one would exchange with any other, and also leads to the 
use of the personal pronouns 7, my and me, myself and 
mine. It gives dignity and self-consequence, a desire to 
be known and valued ; willingness to assume responsibil- 
ity, and to undertake the performance of the duties which 
devolve upon every member of the human race. Some 
persons shrink from responsibilities, and have such a 
sense of inferiority and unworthiness, as to unfit them to 
undertake the discharge of duty, while others are too 
officious in taking the lead, and try to climb to a position, 
for which nature never designed them : the former, have 
the organ of Self-Esteem too small, and the latter too 
large, and neither have well balanced minds. The love 
of personal independence, and freedom from arbitrary 
authority, either political or religious, arises in a great 
degree from this faculty. Many of the American Indian 
tribes have the organ of Self-Esteem very large, and they 
are proud, dignified, and great lovers of liberty. The 
celebrated chief and warrior, Black Hawk, when intro- 
duced to President Jackson, with the most profound dig- 
nity, said; "Yuu are one man, and / am another. " 
When Gen. Harrison met a tribe of Indians for the pur- 
pose of holding "a talk," the chief, when told that his 
white father (Harrison) had prepared for him a seat, in 
the nobility of his nature replied; "He my father ? The 
sun is my father ; the earth is my mother, and I repose 
upon her bosom" The negro race have less Self-Es- 
teem and Firmness than the Indian ; hence, they are more 
easily subjugated. Democracy, or a government in the 
hands of the whole people, is the legitimate offspring of 
this sentiment. Self-Esteem, well balanced throughout 
society, would place every man upon the platform of 



SELF-ESTEEM. <>."> 

equal fights, which would not tolerate an aristocracy of 
the r. ►otrol the many J but, while a few pof 

i. winch gives a desire to control other-, 

of it, will yield to that control. The 

spirit of liberty, personal and national, is deeply seated in 

the human mind, and when that mind shall he illu.i.ina- 

i dly and morally, "mountains may be heaped 

i it, or the angry ocean swell above it, it will burst 

forth, at sometime, and somewhere, and flame up to 

Vcri Large. One having Self-Esteem very large, 
much pride of character, and a high sense ot personal 
• ;, and individual liberty ; willingly assumes responsi- 
s independent in opinion; thinks highly of his 
it ; is loud of dictating others; will be his 
er and likes to be master of oilurs. With very 
Fir. ii., Instruct, and Combat., and a strong intel- 
lect ; will be morose, overbearing and self-willed, haughty 
and tyrannical; easily aroused to an arrogant, indignant 
tone of speech, and action ; will drive to "the high- 
in the synagogue" in spite of circumstances, and 
ii.mce of opposition, and become decidedly unpop- 
ular. 

Larcsr, has much personal independence; values self 
ily ; depends upon personal resources; likes to take 
never wishes to be second ; dislikes to be oic- 
! to lead off, and beat out a new, and 
lent track for operations ; avoids any thing low, 
. and does, few trifling things ; 
maintains identity; keeps aloof from those who are vul- 
much of personal honor ^ will not be brow* 
•II ; aspires to say, am! do, something worthy of -elf; 
takes a commanding, and dignified position in society ; 
elencc upon othe rvice; cannot be 

: even bows with dignity, and assumes a tone, 
an 1 m inner, calculated to command respect. With a 
moral powers and an active temper- 
it; will be worthy of confidence, and general es( 
and with large Combat., Destruct., Firm., Ideal, and 



96 SELF-ESTEEM. 

Adhes. added, will be a natural leader in society, and will 
be looked up to ; and while respected for a high sense of 
honor, weight, dignity and efficiency of character, will 
be loved, and admired for talent, good taste, friendship, 
and high moral worth. But if the intellectual and moral 
organs be weak, combined with strong propensities, the 
person will manifest a saucy, proud, overbearing, dictato- 
rial demeanor, which will merit extreme unpopularity, if 
not the hatred, and contempt of all mankind. If Acquis, 
be very large, with large Appro., and only average rea- 
soning organs, the person will think his property is better 
than that of others, and be always boasting of what is his ; 
and what he can do, or has done, and with large Lang., 
moderate Ideal, and Secret, added, will not only be a 
great boaster and egotist, but his company and conver- 
sation will be extremely offensive, and his conduct ridic- 
ulous. 

Full> sets a fair value upon self; desires to move in 
an elevated sphere in society, feels a good degree of inde- 
pendence in word and action, without great haughtiness. 
If Combat., Firm, and Destruct. be large, and Caution 
only average ; will be, when aroused, mandatory, digni- 
fied, and self-possessed, and have much weight of charac- 
ter ; but with the above combination reversed, will shrink 
from a test of rights and personal dignity, and be easily 
tamed by one with large Firm., Self-Esteem and Combat, 
When Self-Esteem is full, combined with large Ven., 
Benev.j Consci. and Ideal., and full social organs, with 
fair propelling powers ; the person will take an elevated 
rank among men, yet will not be conceited, or arbitrary ; 
will mingle dignity with condescension, self respect 
with politeness, and while claiming personal rights, will 
guarantee the same to others. 

Average . Those having this organ only average, are 
frequently in doubt which way to act ; often ask advice, 
and are generally governed by it ; may think very well of 
self when alone; but when brought into competition with 
others, feel unworthy and small, and except Combat., 
Destruct, and Firm., be full, or large, and highly excited, 



SELF-ESTEEM. 97 

will not come out in bold relief, (especially in public,) 
ui defence of principles, or personal rights ; but with large 
Adhos. and Consci , will boldly defend the rights of 
friends, and speak for others, better than for self. Pub- 
witli this combination, feel embarrassed 
when they rise to address an audience, but when called 
out, and aroused, will sustain themselves, and go beyond 
their own expectations, and that of their friends; will al- 
ways wish for a direct invitation to speak ; will fear to 
trespass upon the attention of others, and think others can 
speak better than themselves, and more to edification. 
All persons having this combination, with large Caution, 
and only average Combat., will be bashful, and timid 
among strangers, and even among associates will be re- 
xirinor, and fail to take the station in society to which 
good talents, may entitle them- 

Moderate, sets joo low an estimate upon self; is not 
proud, or self confident ; values self, temperately, without 
undervaluing others; has some dignity, vet is not officious, 
and has not enough Self-Esteem to give ease and weight 
of character among superior persons. Combined with 
larg« Appro,, wdl be free to associate with all classes, 
and become familiar, and approach inferior persons with- 
out dignity ; will not strive to assume a commanding sta- 
tion, or a dictatorial manner ; and with a good intellect, 
and large Imitat., Lang, and Ideal., and large social or- 
gans, will become very popular with the middling classes, 
and be likely to rise to distinction upon the popular tide. 

Small, has too little self estimation to assume a proper 
station ; cannot keep aloof from inferiors, or command 
their respect, or that of society in general ; is too free, and 
familiar; says too many trifling things ; lacks dignity, and 
cannot control others, except by persuasion. With large 
Caution, will be extremely bashful and timid, and with 
large Appro, added, will be ashamed, and deeply embar- 
rassed by trifles. 

Very Small, has too low an opinion of self; dislikes, 
and shuns responsibility ; gives an important opinion with 
9 



VO FIRMNESS, 

hesitation ; depends too much upon the advice of others ; 
is likely to be controlled, and surrender rights; is not re- 
garded with reverence by society, and cannot force man- 
kind to follow or respect him. Combined with large 
Appro, and small Firm., will have no self independence, 
and cannot hold an edge, or carry out any thing, where 
the popular voice rises against it. With large Firm, 
and Concent., may silently hold on upon opinions, but will 
lack independence to assert and maintain them. 

14. FIRMNESS. 

Perseverance, stability , tenacity of purpose, 8fc. 

This organ is situated on the top of the back part of 
the head, and is usually the highest portion in the heads 
of males. Draw a vertical line from the external open- 
ings of the ears, and it will cross the anterior portion of 
Firmness. 









14. Lawyer. 




15. English Soldier. 












K3SHA BMSdH^BiHIHflH 1 SHHl^BBl 






















































km iBili 












SI HE Si Bl Mi 






!En1 




















\Wmi»* 





14 Firmness, very small. 14 Firmness, very large. 

13 Self-Esteem,very small. 13 Self-Esteem, very large. 

19 Benevolence, very large. 19 Benevolence, very small. 

The above cuts were drawn from skulls in our posses- 
sion. No. 14, represents the skull o** a lawyer who had 
great kindness and affection, but no firmness or self- 
respect. By vicious associates, he was led into intemper- 
ance and died a vagabond, because he could not say No, 
to their solicitations. No. 15, represents the skull of an 



FIRMNESS. 09 

ish soldier who was killed in battle at Bladensburg, 

I uul, in the late war with England. His character 

l ii the reverse of that of the lawyer. 

Adaptation. There is a principle in the human 
mind, known by various names, such as constancy, de- 
termination, | nice, stability, &c. All who have 
distinguished themselves in any of the great pursuits of 
life, and immortalized their names on the pages of histo- 
ry, are very much indebted to this principle. What avails 
the brightest intellect, if firmness of purpose be wanting? 
Of what use is gen i us, if perseverance and stability do not 
accompany it ? The history of man will answer these 
questions. How often do we see talents of a high order, 
remain useless to society and the world, from the fact that 
those who possess them, lack that perseverance and sta- 
bility necessary to make splendid abilities profitable to 
themselves, or useful to mankind ! No man, however 
brilliant his intellect, unless endowed with a good share 
of firmness, ever attained to any thing valuable, for "there 
is nothing worth having that can be obtained without 
effort." Without firmness, Franklin would have contin- 
ued a journeyman printer, Demosthenes would have 
stammered on to the grave, and Bonaparte remained a 
common soldier. No man can become truly great, with- 
out it. Those having an average amount of intellect, 
accomplish more with large Firmness, than others with a 
strong intellect, whose Firmness is deficient. W r e are com- 
manded in scripture to be "steadfast and immovable," and 
not to be "carried about with every wind of doctrine." 
Some people possess a wilful disposition and a tenacity 
of opinion, which amounts to absolute stubbornness. No 
one, in their opinion, is right, excepting themselves ; and 
after they have imbibed an erroneous principle, will not 
acknowledge their error, though fairly convinced of the 
fact. Other faculties, it is true, have much influence in 
bringing about this disagreeable trait of'character, but 
Firmness is the main organ, which, when abused, g 
the kind of stubbornness to which we have alluded. 
I nhke this, is the man of true firmness of character. 
Iustead of being wilful, and obstinate, he steadily pursues 



100 FIRMNESS. 

a given course without turning to the right or left, after 
having first deliberated candidly upon the justice of that 
course, and when certain that he is in the right, will not 
change his opinions for any consideration whatever, but 
when convinced of an error, will readily retract, and own 
his fault. Such is the legitimate manifestation of Firm- 
ness, and when viewed in this light, its necessity to all 
well balanced minds, becomes perfectly obvious. 

Very Large, has extreme tenacity of purpose, and 
opinion, is set and fixed, and reluctantly abandons 
schemes and plans when once committed upon them ; 
perseveres to the last in every undertaking, and with 
average Consci., will not acknowledge an error, but pur- 
sue the wrong, to gratify the will; with large Combat, 
and Destruct., and moderate Ven., will be obstinate and 
stubborn, but with a large development of the organs of 
the moral sentiments and intellect added, will have thai 
kind of firmness necessary to true greatness* 

Large, has a great share of perseverance of character,, 
and firmness of purpose and opinion ; is not easily diverted 
from undertakings ; with large Self-Esteem, will be inde- 
pendent in every thing; with large Secret., will not man- 
ifest to acquaintances and friends a wilful disposition; 
with large Consci., Concent, and Self-Esteem, will be 
stable minded, and always pursue a straight forward 
course; with Combat., Destruct. and Hope large, will be 
very energetic, and never relinquish a pursuit, after hav- 
inor fairly enlisted in it ; but with the above organs mod- 
erate, will lack force and energy, while firmness of opin- 
ion may still remain ; with large or very large Caution, 
will look upon all sides of a question, and deliberate long, 
before coming to a decision, yet after having decided, 
will be firm, and fixed ; with moderate Concent., may 
appear fickle minded, and perhaps often change one kind 
of business for another, and at the same time manifest 
much power of will and purpose; with large or very 
large, Benev., Consci. and Ven., will persevere in benev^ 
olent enterprises with great ardor and honesty. 



MORAL SENTIMENTS. 101 

Pi i.i.. Ins considerable firmness of opinion, and iixed- 
<>f purpose, vet under great difficulties, will show 

■mi* went of liability and determination; with large 

and Destrtiet., may be stubborn and obstinate 
whtn excited; with small Concent., will be liable to 
change of mind and lack constancy and stability in the 
common pursuits of life. 

Average, will generally manifest a good share of sta- 
bility and firmness, yet readily yield premises or opinions, 
and often ask the advice of others ; may manifest will 
and temper, if Destruct. and Combat, be large, and when 
excited, contend for a short time with great spirit and 
earnestness; with moderate Concent, added, will have a 
temper like a whirlwind — one blast and it will be all over. 

Moderate, is not tenacious of opinions, but readily 
yields them, and pursues a course of life which has been 
marked out by others ; is too easily "knocked off the 
track," and may sometimes yield to temptation, knowing 
it to be wrong ; lacks that firmness necessary to withstand 
the enticements of the profligate and vicious ; with au 
average development of the reasoning organs, and small 
Concent., will be fickle and "unstable as water," 

Small, is subject to change of mind and purpose; 
lacks constancy, and determination, and like chaff before 
the wind, is carried forward by the breath of popular 
opinion ; with large Combat, and Destruct., may possess 
force and energy, but lack stability and perseverance. 

Very Small, is totally deficient in firmness and sta- 
bility; manifests no decision or perseverance, and is ea- 
sily led astray by the artful and designing. 

Species II. Moral and Religious Sentiments. 

Man is not only endowed with all the propensities which 
are possessed by the lower animals, but he has a moral 
and religiou- nnture, which they do not possess. He has 
an idea of a God, and moral obligation, and expects irn- 



102 



CONSCIENTIOUSNESS. 



mortality. Some few persons may deny this, but moral- 
ity and religion are inseparable from the human constitu- 
tion. These faculties are the foundation of all moral r 
benevolent and religious societies, and point to the fulfil- 
ment of the dictates of duty between man and man, and 
form the connecting link between him and his God. 

The organs of these sentiments are situated at the 
upper portion of the head and when large the head is 
very high from the eyes and ears upward, but when small 
it is low. The subjoined cuts of Dr. Gall, and Pope 
Alexander VI., show a bold contrast. The former was 
highly moral y the latter an unprecedented monster of 
wickedness. 



16 Dr. Gall.. 



17. Pope Alexander VI. 





15. CONSCIENTIOUSNESS. 

Honesty, sense of justice and moral obligation. 

This organ is situated on each side of Firmness, and 
between Hope and Approbativeness. See cut No. 11, 

p. 85. 

Adaptation. Metaphysicians, prior to the days of 
Dr. Gall, did not agree in their opinions respecting the 
innateness of the moral sense, or conscience. It is not 
strange that they should thus differ, when we consider 
their mode of reasoning upon the various faculties of the 



CONSCIENTIOUSNESS. 103 

mind. The; took their own consciousness as a guide, 
ami were thus not only led into many errors, bin were 

it rariance with each other. One having n strong 
of justice and moral obligation would, in publishing 

kmd of ethics, maintain that the moral sense id in- 
nate, if he reasoned from his own consciousness, or his 
i of right and wrong ; while another having an obtuse 
moral sense, would, (reasoning from the same source) 
denv the innateness of conscience. Phrenology, how- 
ever, sets this topic of dispute at rest, and proves by facts 
which cannot be controverted, that a sense of moral obli- 
gation is an innate sentiment in man, and manifested by 
a distinct organ. If there was no germ, which produces 
an idea of justice and injustice, right and wrong, man 
could no more be taught to be honest, than the lowest 
brute that he controls. When a person has done a 
wrong act, this faculty produces remorse. But we do not 
infer from this, that abandoned criminals suffer remorse 
commensurate with their crimes ; for they generally have 
the organ small, and therefore have but little pain of con- 
science. This faculty is often appealed to ill the sacred 
writings, and many blessings are promised to those who 
deal justly, and maintain equity in all their intercourse 
with the world. Conscientiousness is blind of itself, and 
needs an enlightened intellect to give it a proper direc- 
tion. The standard of morality, therefore, in a nation 
or community, depends altogether upon education and 
moral training. In nations where the Bible is read, the 
"Golden Rule" is the standard of morality, and laws are 
instituted, which have their foundation upon this, and 
other commands, found in the sacred volume. In savage 
countries, a different code of morals exists, and a man 
may consider it not only just, but a duty incumbent upon 
him to revenge an injury and "return evil for evil." The 
Hindoo is as comciei.tious in performing his religious 
rites, as the enlightened follower of Jesus Christ. Phi- 
lanthropists, who have in view the reformation of man- 
kind, should consider the importance of instilling into 
the minds of the young the absolute necessity of moral 
and virtuous conduct, and impressing upon them this 
truth, that without it, no lasting enjoyment can be real- 



104 CONSCIENTIOUSNESS. 

ized in the present life. Erery parent and teacher, 
should take as much pains to teach those under their 
charge the principles of mora. Lnej do to ec 

the intellect. That such has not been the case ahr 
- no other proof, than a reference to the auc 
crime. Why are so map j of oar distinguish^ 
men, and professional men, guilt? of crimes which hu- 
manity blushes to record ? Why are not all great men, 
good men I : ; the greatest 

philosophers I I ■ wd ever produced, 

r>arts allure thee, think bow Bacw shined, 

T_r .^~\ ::^_:^:. - \:-: ;: - r^iLd: 

Why. we would ask, are these facts s in the 

face ? Because r :t lias been r ti ra- 

ted, and the moral powers left, like the garden of the 
sluggard to be overrun with the weeds of immorality and 
vice. 

Vert Large, is strictly honest and upright; suffers 
much through fear of doing wrong ; censures those so-' 
verely wbo are dishonest ; has an excessive regard for 
will not countenance injustice or oppression in the 
least degree: readily discriminates between right and 
utoiit, and is punctual to fulfil engagements; with large 
Acquis., will be very ea^er to accumulate wealth, 
honest in its acquisition ; with raa. and Cor 

will possess great moral courage and never shrink front 
dutv ; with a weak intellect, and moderate Firm., will be 
liable to be led astray by others, but when convinced of 
the error will suffer strong compunctions of consci : 

Large, will be exact to do justly ; is a great lover of 
truth and equity, and always inteuds to be upright and 
honorable, when dealing with others; will not knowingly 
cheat, or defraud any one, and believes that ''bone- 
the best policy" at ail times ; intends to be punctual, bat 
with very large Hope, and average Caution, may so m e 
times promise more than he can perform : but with I 
Lanz rvel. added, will be liable to exag- 

gerate when telling anecdotes nen reminded of 

the fact, will show much penitence and sorrow and at- 



\SCIENTIOlSNES8. 105 

tempt to reform, yet after many reproofs, will he obliged 
to guard against the sin of I tion, and k( 

linel at Hie point which is weak and easily 
overcome. This combination shows why some per- 

tiered perfectly honest in their dealings with 
their fellow men, are guilty of exaggeration, when rela- 
ting anecdotes. 

i [., has a good share of honesty of purpose and in- 
tj ; intends to be just in dealing with others, yet may 
jield to temptation, and knowingly do wrong, but if such 
should be the case, will suffer remorse lor the act; 
with the organs of the propensities full, will be likely to 
maintain a reputation for honesty and integrity, and gain 
the confidence and respect of the public. It should be 
remembered, however, that with the above combination , 
and a full development of the reasoning organs, the con- 
duct of the person will depend much upon education, 
training and associates, and will be equally inclined tow- 
ards virtue and vice. 

Average, has some right motives, but does not feel 
much remorse of conscience, and believes that ''every 
man has his price;" with large Secret., will equivocate 
and deceive : with very large Acquis, added, will over- 
reach in deal, and be dishonest in the acquisition of 
wealth; with very large Sell-Esteem and Appro., will 
strive to gain the character of an honest individual, for 
the purpose of being popular, but will not be sensible of 
the injustice of evil deeds, nor care anv thing about them, 
if the community are ignorant of the facts, and his char- 
acter is not affected thereby. 

derate, is seldom conscious of having performed 
an unjust act; suffers little remorse for evil deeds; thinks 
that there is no real honesty among mankind: intent 
be as honest as the times will admit, and has a very obtuse 
moral eye : with large Yen., will show much devotional 
feeling and worship from pure motives, and at the same 
time be called hypocritical bv the world, and by some acts 
of dishonesty offend those who have this organ very large. 



106 HOPE. 

Small, discards the "Golden Rule," and pays little 
regard to duty or moral principle, and never feels remorse 
for crimes; with large or full Acquis., will be prone to 
commit theft; with large Secret, and Hope added, will 
lie, cheat and steal, and make promises, knowing that he 
cannot lulfill them. 

Very Small, has no regard for the principles of hon- 
esty and morality ; is unjust in dealing with others, and 
with large Destruct. and Acquis., will be likely to mur- 
der for gain. 

16. HOPE. 

The miserable have no other medicine. 

But only hope. Shakspeare. 

Located, forward of Conscientiousness, and outward 
of the front part of Firmness, on each side of the top 
of the head. 

Adaptation. Trouble, sickness, sorrow, hardship, 
reverses, and a thousand nameless ills, bestrew the path 
of life. Were it not for this faculty of Hope, the world 
would be indeed, a vale of tears. Energy of character 
would be useless, could we not look with the eye of hope, 
through the gloom of present difficulties. We grapple 
with opposition, because we hope to overcome. Who 
tries to swim the Atlantic, overturn the Andes, or con- 
trol the tide? And why not? Reason condemns the 
attempt as impossible, and hope can promise no success. 
No sane mind attempts impossibilities; yet hope cheers 
man onward to accomplish gigantic enterprises, and 
however angry may be the storm, hope anticipates the 
rainbow of promise. Imagine a man totally destitute of 
this joy-inspiring emotion, and polar ice would warm his 
soul. Without hope, all promises would be valueless. 
It promises spring ; tells of the harvest; encourages the 
languishing invalid ; nerves the seaman's arm to strug- 
gle with old ocean's angry billows, and paints upon earth's 
dark drapery, the sun-lit joy. It lifts the curtain of time, 



HOPE. 107 

and points to immortality! The influence of this facul- 
ty on human happiness, is very great. When well devel- 
oped, it imparts a joyful cheerfulness in the common 
walks of life, and inspires in the hour of trouble, a pros- 
pect of relief. When it is deficient, the person looks on 
the dark and gloomy; magnifies present difficulties, and 
sees no smiling goddess to beckon him to a happy future. 
Such persons imagine themselves unworthy in the sight 
of Heaven, and indulge a settled melancholy in respect 
to futurity, when at the same time they may be in a fair 
way for immortal joys. Others hope too much ; build 
unreasonable expectations for the future, to the neglect 
of present duty, and promise more than they can perform. 

Very Large. One having Hope very large, feels a 
buoyancy of prospect, which imparts at least an imag- 
inary comfort ; thinks all will yet be well, even when 
trouble and adversity howl around ; lives in the future; is 
always expecting something better than present enjoy- 
ments, and longing for its arrival, and frequently promis- 
es self, and others, too much. If Caution and Causality 
are large, they will check hope, and induce the person to 
lay a firm basis for expectation-, who will be cheerful, 
yet proceed with care; but if those organs he only full, 
or average; will build castles in the air, "have too many 
irons in the fire," promise much more than perform, and 
perhaps get the name of dishonesty ; fall far short of de- 
signs, and meet with disappointments, and reverses, yet 
the ardor of pursuit will be increased rather than dimin- 
ished; with large Mirth, added, will be lively, gay and 
merry; and with large Self-Esteem, will plan largely, be 
enterprising, and feel confident of success ; with large 
Acquis, and full Marvel, added, will run risks in business, 
speculate in lithographic city lots, &,c, for the sake of 
large profits; add large Adhes., will promise friends, en- 
dorse for them&.c, With Acquis, moderate, will let the 
future take care of itself without present effort, and feel, 
that •'sufficient unto the day is the evil thereof." 

Large, is buoyant and cheerful ; tramples present 
troubles; has bright views of the future; magnifies pros- 



108 HOPE. 

pects; diminishes difficulties; dismisses 'dull care' and 
'smiles through a tear/ With a good intellect and large 
Caution, will be prudent in business, and other undertak- 
ings; attempt what appears probable; and with large 
Combat, and Firm., will overcome impediments, and 
master great enterprises. With the above combinations, 
and Caution only average, with large Self-Esteem, will 
assume bold responsibilities; lead off in advance of man- 
kind, and generally succeed well; with large Marvel, 
added, will lay stupendous plans ; promise largely, de- 
sign to do, and attempt great things, and to the cautious, 
appear reckless; will be angry if friends attempt to dis- 
suade from any rash speculation; always has much unfin- 
ished business on hand, and with large Construct, and 
Appro., will study upon inventions to obtain great wealth 
and a name. With large Benev. and Destruct., and large 
social organs, will be a good nurse to the desponding 
sick, and always try to smoothe the path of adversity and 
sorrow, by pointing to a bright and peaceful future ; will 
feel consoled under losses, that the losses are no greater, 
instead of sinking in despair. 

Full, is sanguine and ardent, in view of the future, 
yet not intemperate in expectations. If the temperament 
be active, will exhibit cheerfulness without exhileration, 
and seldom sink beneath difficulties. With a Bilious 
Nervous temperament, and large Caution, will be sub- 
ject to seasons of depression ; have dark hours and low 
spirits, yet at times, be very cheerful. If Acquis, and 
Marvel, be large, and Caution only average, will have an 
enterprising, speculating turn of mind, and run some 
hazard in business ; will credit promises and expect suc- 
cess, yet if Caus. be only average, will hope more than 
reason, plan too largely, and get into difficulty, but if 
Caution be large, and Acquis, and Marvel, only full, 
prudence in business and conduct, will result, and with 
large reasoning and perceptive faculties will be highly 
judicious, and if the propelling organs be large, will be 
energetic and forcible, and accomplish much, and prom- 
ise little. 



HOPE. 100 

Average, is temperate in promises to self and otln 
rather on the realities of life, than m the reglODfl of 
fancy ; si rises b] present effort to have future prospects 
well founded, and moves on in an even tenor, neither 
hoping, or fearing without a basis. If Caution be la 
will keep near shore, and sometimes feel depressed, 
especially if combined with ill health, or a Nervous tem- 
perament. 

Moderate, will expect too little in reference to the 
future; looks on the dark side of prospects; must have 
the approval of reason before embarking upon any thing 
of importance, and if Self-Esteem be only average, will 
seek, and value the advice of friends ; consult precedents, 
and rely more upon effort, than luck or fortune; is pre- 
pared to hear of losses and disappointments, and in 
trouble needs much encouragement. If Caution be very 
large, will hesitate and balance between hope and fear, 
till good opportunities are past; will magnify troubles and 
minify comforts, and need assistance and help from 
friends, to carry on business. With large Ven. and 
Consci., and moderate Marvel, added, the person will 
feel that the earth is truly a vale of tears, and the future 
will always look dark, and if a professor of religion, will 
doubt personal acceptance with God, often feel con- 
demned, and dread a future state, though perhaps in the 
path of duty, and the road to bliss — reverse this combi- 
nation, and the feelings and manifestations will be re- 
versed. 

Small, is not elated at success ; looks for, and expects 
reverses and misfortunes; is easily discouraged and bor- 
rows trouble even in advantageous circumstances. With 
Caution full or large, will be subject to low spirits, and 
indulge and foster melancholy feelings. Persons with 
combination, should avoid sedate society, pensive 
books, or scenery of a mournful and gloomy cast. 

Very Small, expects but little ^ood, and looks upon 
the future with fear and doubt, and never undertakes any 
thing involving risk. With larcre Consci. and Caution, 
10 



1 10 MARVELLOUSNfcSS. 

will be timid and irresolute, and never act, fearing' to act 
wrong, and with large Destruct., has the combination of 
a suicide. 

17. MARVELLOUSNESS. 

Wonder, credulity, faith, trust and confidence; 

Located on each side of Veneration, between Imitatiori 
and Hope. 

Adaptation* Without a faculty in the human con-* 
stitution, the office of which is, to give credit to the as-^ 
sertions of others; and the descriptions of things which 
we have not seen> &c., our belief of the existence of 
things, and phenomena in general, would necessarily be 
limited to the narrow sphere of our own observation. It 
is natural for man to believe the assertions of his fellow 
man, to exercise faith in each other, by which means, 
social intercourse is rendered instructive and agreeable- 
One can transmit those facts which have fallen under his 
notice, and others by exercising credulity in their reality, 
can, as it were, experience the history of others, and be- 
come acquainted with nations, manners, and countries 
which they can never see. This faculty is the foundation 
of all faith, where demonstration is either inconvenient, 
or impossible. Man is fond of the wonderful, the extrav- 
agant, and marvellous. This feeling is early manifested 
in children, and their confidence in their parents and 
teachers, is almost unlimited. Instruction in those things 
which they cannot comprehend with intellect or the 
senses, and their belief of such subjects as present no 
evidence but the word of the teacher, are received through 
the medium of this faculty. With what delight do they 
listen to the tales of wonder and extravagance, which are 
related to them ! Beings so teachable as children, and 
so highly delighted as they are with information, should 
be taught correctly ; yet some persons are ignorant or 
vicious enough to deceive children for their own amuse- 
ment. When the teaching is wrong, and they are told of 
fictitious powers and agencies> such as the German St. 



MARVELLOUSNESS. 1 1 1 

Nicholas, Fairies, ghost stories, witches, signs, ominoui 
dreams, lucky days, &c, they become superstitious, cred- 
ulous, and are easily led into error by the infatuated bigot. 
Many persons having strong intellectual powers who have 
been thus deceived in childhood, totally condemn every 
thing which is not susceptible of proof by their senses or 
their reason ; and may we not conclude that infidelity 
itself feeds upon this abuse of Marvellousness, this tres- 
pass upon the intellect? Rev. Mr. Warne of Phila., in 
his work entitled "Phrenology in the Family,'' p. 220, 
says, "This faculty is really indispensable to man, in his 
present condition; for without it he would be incapable 
altogether of religious faith. Such "faith is the realiza- 
tion of things hoped for ; the confident expectation of 
things not seen;" i. e., not submitted to the evidence of 
the senses; nor capable of appreciation by them." Mar- 
vellousness is abused, by enlarging upon facts. The 
fabrication of works of imagination and fiction, spring 
from it. Tasso, Swedenborg, Sir Walter Scott, Shaks- 
peare, and most poets, novel writers, and those who 
abound in theory and fancy, have the organ large. 

Very Large. One having Marvel, very large, is 
eager to hear the news ; is excited with the highest pleas- 
ure in reading of, or viewing strange phenomena; and 
has no lack of religious credence or faith. If Secret, 
be moderate, is liable to be imposed upon by taking for 
granted whatever may be related, however mysterious or 
wonderful. Large Secret, and Caus., however, will insti- 
tute suspicion and doubt; yet accompanied with a strong 
desire that extraordinary and marvellous statements may 
prove to be true. If the intellect be weak, the person 
will believe in omens, dreams, forewarnings, &,c. 

Large. One with large Marvel., manifests a disposi- 
tion to take upon trust many things which are not sus- 
ceptible of demonstration by the senses ; has much natural 
credulity or faith; delights in the wonderful, uncommon 
or astonishing in nature or art; likes works of imagina- 
tion, and though known to be such, they will seem to be 



1 12 MARVELLOUSNESS. 

reality; thinks much of authority and precedent; is fond 
of enterprise, renovation, new things, change and im- 
provement ; with large Ven., Cornp., Event., Local, and 
Form, will be fond of collecting antiques, minerals, and 
curious specimens from the four quarters of the globe, 
and with large Acquis, added, will set a high value upon 
them. With a feeble intellect, will be superstitious in 
religious belief, and in regard to lucky days, dreams, 
omens and signs, 

Full, is fond of the new and extraordinary, of reno- 
vation, new buildings, new arrangements and improve- 
ments ; has a mind open to conviction, and manifests 
considerable credulity ; has a desire to investigate the 
wonderful, and wishes that it may prove true ; is naturally 
confiding and trusts in friends : believes with less evi- 
dence than many persons, yet is not blindly credulous. 
With large reasoning organs, must have clear evidence, 
yet has sufficient faith, to create that intellectual curiosity 
which leads to investigation. 

Average. One having Marvel, average, is willing to 
hear and read both sides of a question, to weigh and in- 
vestigate any subject, and wishes to believe every thing 
which is susceptible of proof or legitimate inference ; will 
often doubt, yet desire to believe; question propositions, 
yet seek for truth. With very large Ven , Benev. and 
Hope, will look upon the revelation, and prospect of eter- 
nal scenes with high delight and active faith, and in 
works of charity, expect the fulfillment of every promise 
to the merciful. 

Moderate, will yield to good evidence on subjects 
which savor of the supernatural or extraordinary, and 
with strong reasoning powers, disbelieve without it; be- 
lieves what can be understood and explained; is skepti- 
cal and credulous at times, yet not rigidly so, unless Self- 
Esteem and Firm, be very large ; dislikes old theories, 
and will reject them unless founded on reason, or very 
strong probability. 



VENERATION. 



113 



Small, has too little faith; closes tho door of the mind 
■gainst truth, unless accompanied with an overwhelming 
amount of evidence ; will reject probabilities ; dispute 
analagous reasoning, and with Ven. moderate, will take 
the ipse dixit of no person as evidence on any doubtful 
subject, unless hacked by reason and probability ; will 
reject old customs or modes of thinking, and with large 
Caus. and Self-Esteem, bring everything to the standard 
of his own conceptions, without regard to high names, 
or musty records of human authority. 

Very Small, is a downright skeptic ; too narrow 
and rigid in opinions; doubts almost every thing but his 
own senses, and even questions the truth of their asser- 
tions ; will try to account for every thing on natural 
principles, and reject all which lies beyond their reach. 

18. VENERATION. 

Reverence for Deity, desire to adore and worship, founda- 
tion of religions feeling, fyc. 

This organ is situated on the top of the head, between 
Firmness and Benevolence. 

18. Skull in Dr. Gall's collection. 19. Dr. Hette,* 



SKSSHS 




Ifl Veneration, very large. 

14 Finn., At 19 Benev., small. 



18 Venrration, veiv small. 
14 Finn., 6l 19 Benev., large. 



Adaptation. The history of mankind proves that 
there is no nation however degraded, ignorant or de- 
based, who do not pay homage and adoration, either to 

* Copied from Combe's Svstem of Phrenology. 
10* 



114 VENERATION. 

the "one living and true God," to an image of man's de- 
vice, the sun, the moon, reptiles, beasts, or the genius 
of the storm. This natural desire to worship something, 
manifested by all mankind, furnishes strong evidence 
that this desire is an innate sentiment in the human mind. 
Theologians of the present day, hold that religion is a 
natural principle in man. Rev. Dr. Nott, President of 
Union College, says, "Religion is a first principle in 
man. It exists in the world, not because Kings have 
ordained and Priests defended it; but because God formed 
man to be religious. He pays from necessity an homage 
to religion, an homage that cannot be withheld ; it is 
the homage of his nature." These views of the learned 
Dr. respecting the innateness of the religious sense in 
man, are in strict accordance with the doctrines of Phre- 
nology as taught by its founder and advocates. Mr. 
Combe, in speaking on this sentiment, says, "As nature 
has implanted the organ of Veneration in,the brain, and 
the corresponding sentiment in the mind, it is a ground- 
less terror to apprehend that religion can ever be extin- 
guished, or even endangered, by the arguments or ridi- 
cule of the profane. Forms of worship may change, and 
particular religious tenets may now be fashionable, and 
subsequently fall into decay; but while the human heart 
continues to beat, awe and veneration for the Divine 
Being will ever animate the soul, and not until the race 
of man becomes extinct, will the worshiper cease to 
kneel, or the hymn of adoration to rise." Veneration is 
a blind instinct, and cannot of itself judge of the proper 
object of worship. Such being the case, we see the ne- 
cessity of Revelation to direct mankind to the only prop- 
er Being to be adored and had in reverence. Supersti- 
tion abounds in those countries where the light of intelli- 
gence and Revelation has never beamed. Without the 
Bible to direct, and guided solely by the natural desire 
to adore something, the aborigines of this country wor- 
ship various objects; the Hindoo, Juggernaut; and the 
Chinese, idols of divers kinds. The superstitious notions 
of heathen nations prove, not only the innateness of the 
sentiment to worship a Superior Being, but the necessi- 
ty of enlightened reason, to give that sentiment a just and 



VENERATION. 115 

proper direction. It is a fact, humiliating in the extreme 
to the enlightened mind, that a large majority of the hu- 
man race now existing on the earth, are led by this sen- 
timent, unaided by Revelation, to worship idols. Such 
will always be the case, until the light of Revelation and 
intelligence shall have beamed on every nation of the 
globe. When this organ is large, it does not necessarily 
follow, that the person thus endowed will be devout, or 
devoid of skepticism in regard to Revelation. Belief 
depends upon the organ of Marvellousness, and professed 
infidels frequently have that organ small in combination 
with large Veneration. The education of the intellect, 
and through it the moral powers frequently determine the 
direction of the moral character. 

Very Large, has great reverence for Deity, and when 
engaged in religious worship, feels vivid emotions and 
manifests much fervor in devotional exercises ; with very 
large Consci. and Firm., will adhere to some particular 
form of worship; with large Adhes. added, will be fond 
of social meetings for religious conversation and prayer, 
and become strongly attached to brethren in the church, 
and despise all professors of religion who are not strictly 
moral and honest in all their intercourse and dealings 
with others ; with large Inhab. and Concent., will have 
strong attachment to place of public worship; with very 
large Philo., will have much anxiety about the eternal 
happiness of children. 

Large, is much inclined to respect religious institu- 
tions ; thinks much of Deity as manifested in His works ; 
has much devotional feeling, and treats with deference 
and respect the aged, the wise, and persons in authority ; 
with large Consci., will be honest in all professions of 
piety and devotion, but with Consci. moderate, will be 
dishonest, and at the same time fervent in devotional 
exercises ; with an active intellect, will be fond of antiques 
and the history of the ancients, and with large Acquis, 
and Adhes. added, will lay up old coins, armor and arti- 
cles of clothing and furniture which were once the prop- 
erty of parents or relatives. 



116 VENERATION. 

Full, is not remarkable for devotional feelings; pays 
due respect, however, to religious institutions; with large 
Consci. and Benev., and average Combat, and Destruct., 
will not ridicule. religion, or those who make professions 
of piety, and manifest an ardent desire to do good ; will 
not be a "Sunday christian" merely, but be consistent 
in "word and deed ;" with moderate Marvel, and Hope, 
and large Caus., will have many doubts in regard to that 
part of Revelation which treats of the supernatural, and 
like Thomas Didymus, need much proof to be convinced 
of truth. 

Average, is capable of enjoying religious feelings, and 
under favorable circumstances, will manifest considera- 
ble devotion; with large Marvel, and weak intellect, will 
be rather superstitious, but with large reasoning organs 
and moderate Marvel., will worship according to the dic- 
tates of reason, and be void of superstition and blind zeal. 

Moderate, will not be likely to be very devotional, 
or place much reliance upon creeds or forms of worship, 
and will not bow the knee to any created object; with a 
good intellect, and large Consci. and Benev., may have 
some zeal, but it will be "according to knowledge ;" with 
large Combat, and Firm., and full Destruct., Hope and 
Marvel., will be stable and firm, in religious belief. 

Small, has but little regard for forms of religious 
worship, or creeds of men; does not admit any superiors, 
and pays little respect to persons in authority; with large 
Consci., Benev. and Self-Esteem, will think more of mo- 
rality and kindness, than of forms, creeds, or the opinions 
of any man, or set of men. 

Very Small, is wanting in devotional feelings ; treats 
those in office and power as equals; does not pay due 
respect to the ministerial office; with small Marvel., will 
disbelieve the scriptures, and with large Destruct., Self- 
Esteem and Mirth, added, will be profane, and ridicule 
those who are truly pious, and strict in the performance 
of religious duties. 



BBHITOLBNQS. 117 

19. BENEVOLENCE. 

Kind/h <>, sympathy, philanthropy, mildm >.< of < harartrr, 

dtsi others happy* 

This organ is situated on the top of the front part of 
the head. See cuts, p. 98. 

Adaptation. There is a sentiment in the human 
mind which looks beyond the narrow bounds of self, and 
grasps within its warm embrace the whole human family. 
It spreads its broad pinions, and with the fleetness of 
thought encircles the whole world, and pleads for univer- 
sal happiness: leaving earth, it soars to the throne of the 
Almighty, and pleads for mercy to be bestowed like the 
rain, and the light of the sun, "upon the just and unjust." 
It is the sentiment of benevolence. Without it, mankind 
would have no sympathy for the afflicted, the distressed 
and the suffering, and would hear the pleadings of the 
children of want, and offer them no relief. But thanks 
to the Author of our being, benevolence exists, and is 
manifested in various ways. Excited upon viewing the 
sons and daughters of affliction, suffering and want, it 
leads to sympathy, and if possible affords relief. When 
it embraces the whole family of man, it is Philanthropy. 
Influenced by this sentiment, Howard visited the prisons 
of Europe for the purpose of relieving the distress and 
misery of the unhappy victims confined within their 
gloomy walls. The noble act of the "Good Samaritan," 
as recorded in scripture, is a remarkable instance of a 
pure manifestation of the sentiment of benevolence. It 
is not confined to our own species ; but with its arms of 
universal love, it embraces every thing which is suscepti- 
ble of pain and sorrow, and hastens to ameliorate its con- 
dition. Without benevolence, the whole human family 
would be governed by selfishness, and the command, 
"Love thy neighbor as thyself/' would be unjust, because 
it could not be obeyed. It should be borne in mind, 
however, that many men do acts of kindness, which oth- 
ers think spring from benevolence, that do not have their 
origin in this pure sentiment, but in some selfish feeling, 



118 BENEVOLENCE. 

The love of Approbation prompts many to give liberally 
to benevolent institutions, that they may receive praise 
from their fellow men. Adhesiveness leads us to be kind 
to relations and friends; Philoprogenitiveness gives the 
desire for the welfare and happiness of our children ; but 
Benevolence is not limited in its sphere of action, to the 
praise of men, the love of friends or of children. It gives, 
for the pure love of giving, and receives its own reward. 
Pollok describes the character of a man endowed with 
this faculty in an extraordinary degree, in the following 
beautiful lines. 

"The law of love was in his heart, alive ; 
What he possessed, he counted not his own, 
But, like a faithful steward in a house 
Of puhlic alms, what freely he received 
He freely gave, distributing to all 
The helpless the last mite beyond his own 
Temperate support, and reckoning still the gift 
But justice, due to want ; and so it was, 
Although the world, with compliment not ill 
Applied, adorned it with a fairer name. 
Nor did he wait till to his door the voice 
Of supplication came, but went abroad, 
With foot as silent as the starry dews, 
In search of misery that pined unseen, 
And would not ask." 

Very Large. One having Benev. very large, has great 
sympathy for the sufferings and wants of mankind ; takes 
great delight in relieving distress and rendering assistance 
to the destitute ; with average Acquis, and Caution, and 
large Hope, will dispense favors and blessings with a lib- 
eral hand, and when objects of pity present themselves 
and plead for help, will have an almost uncontrollable 
desire to relieve their wants, and will often sacrifice pri- 
vate interest to benefit others ; with large, or very large 
Acquis., will not often be liberal with money, and on this 
account may by some, be called parsimonious, but will 
often do much good by attending personally to the wants 
of the sick and needy, which assistance is, in many cases, 
preferable to money. 

Large, has much benevolent feeling, and a strong 
desire for the happiness of others ; takes pleasure in a4- 



toENEVOLENCtf. 119 

ministering relief to those who arc in want; with large 
Appro, and Acquis., and average Consci., will not give 
liberally for any benevolent object, unless the praise <>t 
men be thereby gained ; with large Adhes., will be very 
kind and obliging to relatives and friends, and take de- 
light in witnessing their prosperity and advancing their 
interests; with large Combat., will be brave, humane and 
generous, and will not only feci for the sufferings of oth- 
ers, but Howard like, visit in person the scenes of dis- 
tress and suffering, and administer relief. With average 
Acquis, and Caution, and large Adhes. and Hope, will 
be free to lend money without good security, and be likely 
to make himself poor, by acts of liberality and kindness. 

Full, has a good share of kind and benevolent feeling ; 
desires that others should be happy, and will sometimes 
sacrifice private interest to benefit the public; with large 
Acquis, and Caution, will be rather parsimonious ; with 
large Hope, Appro, and Self-Esteem, and full Acquis, and 
Caution, will be liberal and kind to the needy and desti- 
tute, and with moderate Combat, and Destruct. added, 
will have many friends. 

Average, manifests on some occasions a good share 
of kind and tender feeling for the miseries of others, and 
has some emotions of sympathy for persons in distress; 
with large Combat., Destruct. and Hope, and full Acquis., 
will show acts of kindness by attending personally to the 
wants of the sick ; with large Acquis, and Self-Esteem, 
and very large Caution, and small Hope, will be penuri- 
ous, and seldom give any thing for the support of benev- 
olent institutions, or to relieve the distresses of the poor. 

Moderate, is not much affected by the sufferings and 
miseries of mankind ; may give his services, but will 
curse those who ask for cash; with large Appro., will 
sometimes be liberal for the purpose of being called 
benevolent. 

Small, is seldom kind to the sick or the needy ; pays 
no regard to the sufferings of others, with large Destruct., 



120 constructiveness* 

Acquis and Self-Esteem, will be crue^ revengeful, mi* 
serly, self-confident and overbearing. 

Very Small, is destitute of sympatic kindness and 
pity ; does not desire the happiness of others, and lacks 
mildness of disposition ; with very large Adhes., will man- 
ifest strong attachment to relations; with Philo., to child- 
ren, but will lack general kindness; with Acquis., Com- 
bat, and Destruct. large or very large, and Caus., Compar., 
Event, Consci., Caution and Ven. moderate or small, 
will be more like a brute than a human being, and have 
no hesitation in committing the most heinous crimes. 

Species III* Semi-Intellectual Sentiments. 

The office of these faculties is to elevate .and refine 
the feelings and improve the condition of man, to unfold 
the beauties of nature, and adapt them to his purposes 
and happiness. 

20. CONSTRUCTIVENESS. 

Construction in general, the foundation of all mechanics , 
the power to manufacture. 

Located forward of Acquisitiveness, on the temples, 
upward and backward of the external angle of the eyes. 
When large, the head is broad and swells out at this 
region. 

Adaptation. While the happiness, indeed the very 
existence of man, requires that he should have clothing, 
houses, agricultural implements, &c, the necessity for a 
mechanical talent will remain. To adapt the nature of 
man to this condition, with power to supply his natural 
wants, the Author of his being has endowed him with a 
distinct primary power, the office of which is, to manu- 
facture, to build and construct. No sooner did our first 
parents find themselves in want, than Constructiveness 
was called upon to supply it. By its combination with 
the development and exercise of the perceptive and reflec- 



CONSTRUCTIVENESS. 121 

ti?e intellect, the constructive talent has been pm 
from the moment of its first exercise, and from the r 

of the articles constructed, to the present time, and 
to the high standard of mechanical ability which blesses 
the world. To Constructiveness chiefly, are we indebted 
for all those comforts and conveniences of life, which 
are cither manufactured, or produced by labor. If food 
grew spontaneously, or without culture, this class of com- 
forts would be an exception to this indebtedness ; but 
while manufactured implements of husbandry, and skill 
to use them are required of Constructiveness, this faculty 
must lie at the root of all the conveniences, and most of 
the comforts of life. A man with ordinary Constructive- 
ness, may make a decent agriculturist, but one with a 
large endowment of it, will be a far better one, so far as 
the use of tools is concerned. Cincinnatus, it is true, 
could manage to till the soil with his crooked stick or 
rude wooden plow, but it must have required some me- 
chanical talent, as well as great patience, to do good work 
with so bad an implement. Constructiveness, has given 
to the world something in its stead which would have been 
a pleasing boon to the father of agriculture. But, man- 
ufacturing, building, &,c, come more directly under the 
head of Constructiveness. If we compare the rude mud 
cot, with the stately mansion; the convenient furniture, 
with the rough contrivances of savage life ; the flouring 
mill, with the ancient corn-bruising apparatus ; the rough 
skins of beasts, with the delicate as well as substantial 
fabrics for clothing, we can obtain a faint conception of 
the value of this faculty. But when we take a more ex- 
tended view, and see cities rise as by magic, and the 
snowy canvass from a thousand ships flung to the breeze, 
to waft the wealth of the world to the lap of industry ; 
when the ocean is navigated by steam, and distant conti- 
nents become neighbors ; and the fiery engine, with its 
burden of life and wealth, bisects a continent, and sea 
meets sea by this annihilation of time and space, now 
rushing with the fleetness of thought through the tunneled 
base of lofty mountains and over rivers ; when kingdom 
is united to kingdom, and state bound to state with bands 
of iron, and distant provinces made near neighbors, and 
11 



122 CONSTRUCTIVENESS. 

a healthful feeling of common interest and common sym~ 
pathy begotten between distant climes and otherwise 
discordant interests ; when factory roars to factory and the 
ham of bee-like industry is manufacturing, exchanging, 
and disseminating the comforts and conveniences of civ- 
ilization ; and when the printing press, that brilliant lumi- 
nary of knowledge, is shedding light, and warmth, and 
vigor upon the intellectual and moral world, and we dis- 
cover that these mighty works, with all their blessings, 
have their basis in man's constructing talent, we shall see 
the wisdom and goodness of our great Architect, in im- 
parting so useful and indispensable a faculty. The pow- 
er to build is imparted by a distinct primary faculty, be- 
cause some persons, with little or no instruction, become 
eminent as mechanics, and others, with the best of teach- 
ing are but bunglers at the best ; while at the same time 
the latter may have as much, or even more understanding 
or reasoning power than the former. Constructiveness 
and Causality, are the originating, contriving, invent- 
ing faculties; but, the executive mechanic is greatly 
aided in the use of tools by Form, Size, Weight, Order, 
Locality, Imitation and Ideality. Great men have been 
known to break away from the Court of nobles to some 
retired room, to indulge their passion for mechanics, and 
we know a clergyman m Mass., who has a private shop 
where he amuses himself in mechanical operations, and 
whose secluded vigils have given to the world several' 
intricate and valuable inventions, not only most admira- 
bly contrived, but neatly executed. He is an untaught 
genius, and takes this course, for the real pleasure that 
such pastime affords. We have noticed that the North 
American Indians have the organ small, which harmo- 
nizes with the rudeness of their constructing ability. Civ- 
ilization, it is believed, would develop the faculty in the 
course of a few centuries, and place them upon an eleva- 
tion in this respect, equal to other nations. 

Very Large. One having Construct, very large, has 
an extraordinary talent to contrive and design ; intuitive- 
ly detects error in things which are made, and with large 
reasoning and perceptive organs, Concent, and Imitat,, 



t ONSTUUCT1VEM 1 28 

is capable of becoming a mechanic of the first order ; is 
match- fond of viewing curious machinery , ingenious 
inventions, and mechanical operations; i> possessed of 
an inventifS mind, and with large II<mc and Appro., arid 
full Marvel., will wander in the intricate maze- of inven- 
tion, perhaps try to invent a perpetual motion ; will be 
enterprising as a mechanic, and make improvements in 
machinery, tools, i 

Large, has a strong theoretical mechanical talent 
ingenuity in building, altering, repairing, &c, and read- 
ily discovers the mechanical uses to which things may 
be applied, and understands the mechanical powers and 
forces, well; with large Comp., Caus., Imitat., Form 
Weight, Local, and .Ideal., will be qualified for 
an architect, engineer or master mechanic, for drawing 
plans, making patterns, and working after those patterns. 
Construct, and Caus., design the things to be made, 
while other faculties give the ability to carry out, execute, 
and practically apply the mechanical principles. Form, 
gives shape; Size, the proper dimensions and proportion; 
Weight, momentum and velocity ; Order, system of ar- 
rangement ; and Ideal, gives tastp to finish thn whole with 
peculiar elegance. Without a good development of the 
perceptives, no person will be a good executive mechanic, 
even with large Construct.; and without a large and active 
brain, and strong propelling powers, few, if any, will rise 
to distinction and influence in the mechanical world. 

Fjtia, has a good share of mechanical skill and inge- 
nuity ; is fond of mechanical operations ; will try to con- 
trive some better way, some labor-saving process to 
accomplish ends ; takes an interest in viewing machinery, 
and improvements in mechanism, and with large Imitat. 
and perceptive organs, will make a good practical me- 
chanic, but will execute better than plan. 

Average, is not a great original inventor ; may improve 
machinery, styles, fashions, &,c, already existing; should 
choose some trade or occupation, requiring but little 
inventive talent. With large Hope, Appro, and Acquis., 



124 IDEALITY. 

may try to give to the world something great, but with 
Caus. only full, will fail to design and complete any 
thing of much importance; with large Imitat., Form and 
Size, and good instruction, will be able to succeed well 
in the less difficult trades, but will not, Fulton-like, strike 
beyond the beaten track and win immortality. 

Moderate, is not an independent mechanic ; will re* 
uire a plan, draft, or pattern to work by *, with very 
rge Individ, and Imitat., will copy well, and do what 
he sees done ; will understand simple machinery, or 
(when clearly explained) the more complicated, yet can- 
not, unassisted, trace intricate machinery to its laboring 
point, or readily adapt new mechanical arrangements to 
accomplish the same end, but use the old tools, and follow 
the old way ; may invent some simple thing, or make 
slight improvements, but fail on large, original, nice ope- 
rations, indeed will never make an attempt, unless Self- 
Esteem be too large. With large Imitat., Form and 
Size, will be able to learn the executive branch of trades^ 
and succeed well in ordinary business, but with only aver* 
age Imitat., will be a bungler when out of the beaten track. 

Small, will never be a leader in mechanical opera- 
tions ; may learn to attend machinery, but be a poor hand 
to keep it in repair ; with large Imitat. and perceptive 
organs, may work with a pattern, but not without one, 
and will be confined to one way of doing things. 

Very Small, is rude in constructing and unskilful m 
the use of tools. 

21. IDEALITY. 

Imagination ; sense of the perfect, exquisite, beautiful^ 
ideal; the foundation of good taste. 

Located above Constructiveness, backvvard and joining 
Mirthfulness, and outward of Imitation and Marvellous- 
ness. When large, the sides of the upper part of the 
head, present a, great fulness ana 1 widths 



iMALrri ISS 

Adaptation. In all the works of God, them is a per- 
fection, a harmony and beauty, which cannot fail to 
charm and captivate every W«I1 balanced mind. It is 
exhibited in all that shine* above, and nil. that blooms 
around ns. Poetry is the perfection of language ; but 
this faculty is not confined in its manifestations io a love 
of poetry merely. All the beauty and perfection in na- 
ture or art, where taste, elegance and symmetry are con- 
cerned, are loved and prized mainly by this faculty. It 
gives talent for judging, and deligr^in viewing, a perfect 
statue, an exquisite painting or en^aving, or a finished 
temple. It imparts taste in dress, furniture, &c, as well 
as polish to language and manners. It gives to the me- 
chanic, a peculiar elegance to the finish of his efforts, as 
well as birth to those masterpieces of poetical and orator- 
ical eloquence, which have stamped with immortality, the 
writings of Homer, Shakspeare, Milton, Chalmers, Pat- 
rick Henry, and many others. It directed the chisel of 
Canova, and the pencil of Raphael and West; and the 
same faculty gives a love for their productions, without 
which, the rudest efforts of savage nations would find 
equal favor. It imparts to the musician the power to 
throw into his performances, that soul of harmony, that 
melting melody which carries the infatuated listener 
above the sober realities of life, to mingle with the 
seraphic choir of bliss. It mounts to admire the glowing 
beauties of the ethereal world ; or the rich pencilings of 
departing sunlight upon the fleecy cloud, and then stoops 
to regale itself amid the beauties of the flowery carpet 
of earth ; the brilliant plumage of its songsters ; the sing* 
ing brook ; the mirror lake, or the silvery sea. 

Very Large. One having Ideal, very large, has the 
keenest relish for the beautiful and perfect in nature or 
art; real refinement of taste and feeling, and dwells in 
the regions of fancy and romance. When combined with 
large Lang., Event., Caus., Comp., Combat, and Appro., 
will be an orator whose .beauty, copiousness and strength 
of expression will command universal admiration. With 
large social organs, and Mirth, added, will be highly 
polished as a writer, either of prose or poetry, and muni- 
11* 



126 IDEALITY. 

fest an ease and elegance of manner and conversation,, 
which cannot fail to win affection and admiration. "With 
only average reasoning organs, large Appro., and moder- 
ate Caution, will dislike that which is not romantic, and 
neglect the more solid and useful, for the gaudy and 
showy, alike in language, articles of dress, furniture and 
equipage, and have much more taste than judgment. 

Large, has an active fancy ; is fond of the elegant, the 
finished and ornamental, of poetry, eloquence, polite lit- 
erature, the fine affc, &,c. With large Color, Form, 
Size, Local, and Order, will admire paintings, flowers, 
statuary, landscape views, either natural or artificial ; 
with large Lang., Event., Comp., Appro, and Hope ad- 
ded, the person will use a glowing, elevated, metaphorical 
style of speaking or writing; with large Adhes. and 
Amat. added, will endow the ohject of love with super- 
human refinement of qualities, and never admire one 
who is not elegant in figure and manners, and like Burns 
and others, will celebrate the idol of the soul, in ecstatic 
song. As a mechanic, will desire to follow some trade, 
embracing elegance of workmanship, and true taste and 
finish. 

Full, has good taste, but will not sacrifice every thing 
else to beauty and refinement; values the beautiful, in 
connection with the useful ; regards poetry and eloquence, 
as well for its strength of thought and correctness of ar- 
gument, as for its elegance of expression. With large 
reasoning and perceptive organs, will be disgusted with 
gorgeous eloquence, except as a vehicle of sound argu- 
ment and correct principle. 

Average, is temperately fond of poetry, oratory, ele- 
gance and beauty, but is influenced on this subject by 
other faculties. With strong reasoning faculties, will be 
pleased, if elegance and beauty of expression, are com- 
bined with vigor and weight of thought, but will prefer 
the latter to the former when they cannot be combined; 
add large Event., and as a speaker or hearer, will prefer 
Straight forward, convincing matter-of-fact, to the beau- 



SUBLIMITY. 127 

ties of diction, yet choose to combine both, the former, 
always taking precedence. 

Moderate, prefers durability to elegance; a plain, to 
a gorgeous style of utterance ; values poetry mainly for 
the strength of thought, love, devotion, or the truth which 
it expresses, and generally surrenders ornament for util- 
ity. If Appro, and Imitat. be very large, may seek for 
show and splendor in dress, furniture, &c, but will lack 
that refined taste in their arrangement which imparts 
beauty ; may load the person with finery, and the language 
with swelling words, but both will be ill timed, deficient 
in good taste, and fail to please those who have the organ 
large. 

Small, is so deficient in this sentiment as to be coarse 
and unadorned in expression, and common place in all 
things. With large Caus., will prefer solid logic to rheU 
oric, and often feel disgusted with and reject, that which 
is presented in glowing language ; cannot be a popular 
orator, but will be stiff, dry and barren in style, though 
the matter may be strong and sound ; with large Acquis, 
and Self-Esteem, and only average Appro., will spend 
nothing for show or taste, and censure those who do. 

Very Small, is blind to the world of beauty, which 
"Glows in the stars, and blossoms in the trees ;" 
lacks that sweet string in the soul, that echoes to the 
harmony and beauty of nature and art ; is harsh, coarse 
and vulgar in every thing; may love ardently and worship 
sincerely, or thunder in the pulpit or forum, but every 
performance will resemble the rough block of marble 
more than the polished statue. 

2 2. SUBLIMITY. 

Love of the vast, the grand, the magnificent. 

Sublimity is located between Ideality and Caution, 
directly above Acquisitiveness. Draw a vertical line 
from the openings of the ears, and it will bisect this 



12S SUBLIMITY. 

organ, which, when large, gives width to the upper and 
lateral portions of the head. 

Adaptation. It has been supposed by some phrenol- 
ogists as well as metaphysicians, that the love of the beau- 
tiful and sublime, is the result of the same faculty; but, 
if we consider the nature of these emotions, a vast differ- 
ence will be discovered. Ideality, recognizes the per- 
fect, the exquisite and beautiful; it delights to see 

"The desert blossom as the rose;" 

to listen to the sweet minstrelsy of nature ; is enchanted 
with the perfection of the rainbow, the glittering galaxy, 
the pearly dew drop, the rose, the pink and violet. Sub- 
limity soars to the vast and grand in the mighty machin- 
ery of the universe; it delights to ride upon the wings of 
the wind, that 

-take the ruffian billows by the top, 



Curling their monstrous heads, and hanging them 
With deafening clamors in the slippery clouds." 

It gazes with delight upon the grotesque, the rude and 
truly natural. The chilly darkness before an approach- 
ing tempest, its deep, distant murmuring; the contempla- 
tion of eternity and illimitable space, all furnish food for 
this faculty. Sublimity leads its votary to the loftiest 
cliff of some craggy mountain to gaze upon the grand 
battle-field of the elements, when, from beneath his feet, 
the white capped mountain-waves leap from their ocean- 
bed, and dance among the clouds, mocking the vivid 
lightning that streams about their heads, and singing to 
the pealing thunder that rolls across their dark blue bo- 
soms, the awful music of the storm. Indeed, this faculty 
will quaff the boiling flames of the Volcano, and swallow 
bellowing Niagara at a draught. Sublimity and Ideality 
acting together, admire the grand and beautiful in com- 
bination. Sublimity, labors up the steep ascent, while 
Ideality admires the leaping rill, or the lone wild flower 
that blooms beneath some jutting crag. The writings of 
Homer, Shakspeare, Milton, Pope, Byron, Pollok and 
many others, abound with examples of the sublime, and 



SUBLIMITY. 129 

beautiful, at sometimes blended, at others, separate and 
distinct. The following shows an activity of both organs. 

Pleasanl vrere many scenes, but most to me 

The solitude of v.-iM extent, untouched 

Bf hand of art, where nature sowed, herself, 

And reaped her crops ;— whose garments were the clouds ; 

Whose minstrels, brooks ; whose lamps, the moon and 

Whoso organ choir, the voice of many waters; 

Whose banquets, morning dews ; whose heroes, storms; 

Whose warriors, mighty winds; whose lovers, flower 

Whose orators, the thunderbolts of God ; 

Whose palaces, the everlasting hills ; 

Whose ceiling, heaven's unfathomable blue ; 

And from whose rocky turrets battled high, 

Prospect immense spread out on all sides round ; 

Lost now between the welkin and the main, 

Now walled with hills that slept above the storm. 

Pollok. 

Very Large. One having Sublimity very large, is 
passionately fond of viewing or contemplating any grand 
or sublime phenomenon in nature, the warring elements, 
an awful cascade, loud crashing thunder, the dashing, 
roaring ocean-waves, a rugged rock-bound coast when 
lashed by foaming surf, the loftiest mountain's ragged 
crest, and views any thing wild, and sublime, with feel- 
ings of the highest ecstacy, and reads or hears with the 
liveliest emotions, that poetry, or oratory which describes 
such phenomena. One having Sub. very large, com* 
bined with large Ideal., Caus , Comp., Event, and Lang., 
joined with large Combat., Firm., Destruct., Hope and 
Marvel., will be an orator of the highest order, transport 
the hearer with high-wrought bursts of commanding elo- 
quence, arouse a tempest of passion and control it at will. 
Such orators were Demosthenes, Cicero, Chatham, Fox 
and Henry, and the writings of Homer, Milton Shaks- 
peare, Byron and a few living poets and orators, strike 
the same high-toned string in the human mind. 

Large, admires speakers or authors, who manifest 
energy, strength and fire, in their eloquence; enjoys 
mountain scenery; contemplates with delight, the uni- 
verse of worlds rolling in broad immensity, and reflects 



130 SUBLIMITY. 

upon the great Architect ot Nature, as a God of power 
and glory. With large Local, and Caus., will love, and 
succeed well in the study of Astronomy. If Caution be 
large, will have a sense of danger in the storm, yet love 
to hear the crashing thunderbolt when the danger is past; 
with large Ideal, and Construct., will view the towering 
domes of a magnificent edifice with extreme pleasure. 

Full, enjoys the grandeur of nature and art, but is 
not passionately fond of the wild and majestic. If Ideal, 
be full or large, will relish mountain scenery, and delight 
to contemplate the beautiful vale beneath; with large 
Color and Order added, will have a lively taste for the 
diversified landscape embracing hills, vales, winding 
streams, villas and lofty mountains in the back ground. 
As a speaker or hearer, will be pleased with strength, 
vigor and beauty of expression, now rising to consult the 
sublimity of nature, then stooping to the tender, the re- 
fined and beautiful. 

Average, is not enraptured with sublime emotions in 
viewing the objects described under Sub. large, and 
uses but little effort to visit such scenery. If Destruct. 
and Firm, be large, and Caution only average, will not 
be highly delighted or intimidated, or feel vivid emotions 
in view of the sublime. With large Ideal., will prefer 
the beauty to the grandeur of the world. 

Moderate, has an obtuse conception of the sublimity 
of nature, or art, and prefers the useful and arable, to the 
awful. With large Ideal., will admire the tasteful and 
exquisite, to the exclusion of the vast, and with large 
Lang, added, will write or speak with ease and ele- 
gance, rather than power, and prefer poetry whose soft 
and dulcet strain is more like the gurgling stream than 
the thundering waterfall. 

Small or Very Small, is wanting in capacity to en- 
joy any thing which is sublime, and views descriptions of 
fchat character, as mere bombast. 



IMITATION. |3| 

23. IMITATION. 

Ability to copy and make after a pattern, power of imi- 
toting the mannen and gestures of other** 

This organ is located on each side of Benevolence, 
and next forward of Marveilousness. 

Adaptation. Man is an imitative being, and much 
that he knows, is learned by copying Others. This b an 
active faculty, and has much to do with the outward 
actions of mankind. Adults are commanded in Holy 
writ not only to shun evil but to set a good example to 
those who are to imbibe and reflect their conduct and 
character ; indeed every dictate of reason proclaims the 
utility of Imitation, and if the model be correct, their 
full and lawful scope is given for the exercise of the 
faculty, which always tends to virtue and happiness; but 
if the example is bad, Imitation in the learner with equal 
activity and fidelity to the original, like a mirror, reflects 
back the haggard features of the copy, and misery to the 
unfortunate pup, I is the result. Parents and teachers 
therefore, should be particularly careful not to say or do 
any thing in the presence of children and youth which 
has a tendency to pervert the mind and give a wroncr bias 
to the affections, or which, if imitated, will lead to immoral 
conduct. Young persons frequently imitate the vices of 
Others, and thus bring upon themselves remorse and 
shame. For example, a young man of good intellect and 
superior education is profane. His associates, knowino- 
that he has splendid talents, think it manly to imitate his 
vices and thus learn to be profane themselves. A youncr 
man, occupying such a position, by following vicious prac- 
tices, may, and often does induce many of his associates to 
imitate his evil habits, and forsake the paths of rectitude 
and virtue. Those who are, or wish to be patterns to 
society, for religion, virtue, morality, temperance, &c. 
should be very careful not to set an example which, if 
imitated by the voting, will have a tendency to lead them 
astray. If the intellect be weak, this organ leads to- a 
servile imitation of the fashions, and no matter how 



132 IMITATION 

unbecoming, or ridiculous the style may be, it will be 
followed by such minds, notwithstanding the admonitions 
of those who are favored with good sense. Imitation 
assists the mechanic and the artist, and enables one to 
copy the works of others. Many mechanics are indebted 
to this organ for their success, when they have but little 
Constructiveness. It enables the actor and the orator to 
make an impression on the minds of their auditors by 
means of gesticulations, whereby the feelings and pas- 
sions are expressed by action, as well as words. The 
deaf and dumb, communicate by signs, which is mainly 
done by this faculty, and their feelings are expressed 
with a reality and vividness rarely equaled by the most 
pathetic oral language. 

Very Large. One having Imitat. very large, has very 
great imitative powers, and readily copies the manners 
and gestures of others; can act out the feelings, and make 
a person know, from the natural language of the organs, 
or expression of countenance, without saying a word, the 
ideas wished to be conveyed; with large Combat., De- 
struct., Secret, and a good intellect, will have a theatrical 
talent ; with large Construct., Form and Size, will be 
capable of excelling in chirography and mechanics. 

Large, has a natural talent to work after a pattern, and 
can easily imitate the style and manner of others; with 
moderate Caution, and large Combat.. Destruct. and 
Mirth, will make many gestures when talking; with large 
Comp., Event, and Lang, added, will, in relating anec* 
dotes, tell them in such a manner as to excite laughter and 
gain the attention of the hearer ; with Form, Size, Con- 
struct, and Ideal, large, will have the ability to excel in 
sketching and drawing, and with large Color added, can 
succeed well in painting; with Tune large, will imitate 
the brogue of the Irish, Dutch, Scotch, French, &c., 
and the natural language of various beasts. 

Full, does many things by imitation ; can copy and 
make after a pattern tolerably well, and manifests a fair 
share of imitative talent; with full Construct., and large, 



MIRTIIFITLNI" ) ;{;{ 

or very large Form and Size, will succeed well as a me- 
chanic, and work with, or without a pattern; bat with 
those organs moderate or small, will not succeed in any 
trade winch requires ingenuity and skill. 

Average, has some, but not great ability to imitate, 
copy, or make after a pattern; in relating stories, will he 
original in manner; with large Combat., and moderate 
Caution, may make some gestures, but they will be made 
in a style peculiar to self; with average Mirth., may <xet 
credit among the lower classes for wit, when in reality 
it is nothing but oddity. 

Moderate, is not skilful in working from patterns; has 
but little power to imitate the manners or gestures of 
others ; has a mode of relating anecdotes, different from 
any body else; with large Combat, and full Mirth., and 
a strong and well cultivated intellect, will, as a public 
speaker, gain the attention of auditors by the boldness, 
singularity, and oddity of manner and expression, and 
please a popular assembly. 

Small, takes no delight in imitating the manners of 
others : has no skill in copying ; is original in action, ges- 
ture and manner; and if a good mechanic, will be in- 
debted to Construct., Form, Size, &c, for success. 

Very Small, is averse to any thing which requires a 
talent to imitate the works or manners of others; has no 
ability to copy; still, with very large Construct., Form 
and Size, will succeed well as a mechanic, and in some 
trades be able to excel. 

2 4. MIRTH FULNESS. 

Wit, facttiousness, perception of the ludicrous and incon- 
gruous. 

This organ is situated outward from Causality, and 
when large, gives a fulness to the outer angles of the 
upper portion of the forehead. 
12 



134 MIRTHFULNESS. 

Adaptation. That there is an innate faculty in the 
human mind which inclines man to indulge in mirth, 
and leads him to judge of the congruity or incongruity 
of arguments, is a fact, the truth of which no one who 
has associated with all classes of persons, will attempt to 
deny. Phrenologists hold that Mirthfulness is the organ 
which imparts this faculty to man. It is an essential 
element of a cheerful disposition, and is therefore very 
useful. Religionists, who are well acquainted with the 
various workings of the human mind, and the good effect 
of cheerfulness, and the bad effect of melancholy upon 
the health and happiness of individuals, approve of the 
legitimate manifestation of this faculty. Many seem to 
imagine that those who make a profession of religion, 
should always be sedate and grave; and a professor, 
having a feeble endowment of this faculty, would be 
sedate and appear melancholy, and thus throw a gloom 
on religion, and also condemn those as hypocrites who 
are naturally gay and mirthful. Such persons are not fit 
judges of the propriety or impropriety of the expressions 
of mirth, inasmuch as they are deficient in the organ 
which gives rise to such feelings. They are too grave 
and gloomy in their intercourse with the world, and thus 
give an idea to the young, that to be religious, is to be mel- 
ancholy. There are some professors of religion who are 
too mirthful and gay, and sometimes ridicule or speak 
lightly of solemn things, and their conduct in this respect 
has a bad influence upon many minds, and leads the 
opposers of religion to say that all who profess Christi- 
anity are hypocrites. These are the two extremes, and 
are abuses of Mirthfulness. It is as necessary, therefore, 
in this, as in any of the other organs, to distinguish 
between its use and abuse. Many expressions excite 
Mirthfulness, which contain no genuine wit, and persons 
are often called witty, whose remarks contain nothing 
but oddity or incongruity, which combined, perhaps with 
a peculiar mode of expression, is a sufficient cause for 
laughter. Any class of organs may be excited, and cause 
a person to smile, but the outward manifestation must 
be through Mirthfulness. A little girl with large Appro- 
bativeness will smile, when told that she has a very pretty 



MIRTHFULNESS. 135 

dress. A Clergyman, with a high endowment of the 
moral organs, and naturally of a sedate turn of mind, 
when addressing hia hearers on some favorite topic, smiles 
involuntarily, and those who hear him smile in return. 
Mirthfulnes is excited in these cases, but there is nothing 
boisterous in its manifestations ; hence it is justifiable. 
A man distinguished for vulgarity, having a predominance 
of the animal propensities, relates his anecdotes in a 
blunt, rough and singular manner, and though not accom- 
panied with any real wit, causes much laughter, which is 
expressed in a noisy, boisterous manner. Mirthfulness 
in this case is excited, and it is also abused. The organ 
was large in Sterne, Swift, Franklin, and several who 
might be named, and their writings abound with wit. 

Vers Laegb. One having Mirth, very large, will be 
remarkably fond of wit and humor ; views every thing in 
a ludicrous light, and is highly pleased with mirthful 
stories ; with large Lang, and Event., will recollect, and 
relate many witty anecdotes; with large, or very large 
Combat., Destruct., Secret, and Hope, and moderate Cau- 
tion added, would succeed well as a comic actor ; be for- 
cible, sarcastic and severe in his mode of expression, and 
verv fond of making people laugh by his witty remarks. 

Large, is much inclined to view things in a ludicrous 
light, and turn passing incidents into ridicule ; often feels 
an irrepressible disposition to laugh when and where it 
would be improper to do it, enjoys mirthful company 
remarkably well, and is capable of making much sport; 
with very large Destruct., good intellect and average 
Benev. and Consci., will be very sarcastic and severe in 
argument; and with large Secret, added, will give many 
"sly jokes," and still appear very sober; with very large 
Caus. and Comp., and average Lang, and Event, will, as 
a writer, be humorous, and often speak in such a manner 
as to please the mirthful, and at the eame time convey 
some important idea ; in argument will hold up an oppo- 
nent to ridicule: with very large Caution, may be too 
modest to give a joke till alter tin: proper time ; but with 
-ame organs average, will be a read with 



136 MIRTHFULNESS. 

Caution very large, and Hope moderate, will manifest 
opposite traits of character, being sometimes gloomy, and 
at other times, very gay and mirthful. 

Full, is quite fond of the ludicrous, and finds difficulty 
in refraining from the use of mirthful expressions when 
in company with those who are quick at repartee; with 
Lang, and the organs of the perceptive intellect generally 
small, will not be distinguished for quick sallies of wit ; 
but will sometimes give a "dry joke," which will be 
directly to the point ; with large Comp., Amat, Combat., 
Destruct. and Aliment., and moderate Ven., Consci , 
Ideal, and Caus., will be vulgar, coarse and harsh in his 
witticisms ; make many obscene and witty comparisons ; 
and tell falsehoods, if by so doing some one can be held 
up to ridicule, and thereby cause laughter and merriment, 

Average, is rather mirthful, and fond of making sport, 
but has not a keen perception of the ludicrous ; likes a 
good joke well, but is not always ready to give one ; with 
moderate, or small Imitat., and large Combat., Lang, 
and Comp., will say many odd things which will make 
sport and pass among some persons for real wit. 

Moderate, is rather sedate, and not apt to speak in 
jest, or disposed to view things in a ludicrous light; with 
large Hope, and moderate Caution, will be cheerful, but 
not witty or fond of laughter; with only average Caus. 
and Comp., and large Appro., will be much displeased 
if a joke is given at his expense, and with large Combat, 
added ; will manifest a high degree of temper when ridi- 
culed, and from this fact, many who have large Mirth. > 
will take delight in teasing him, for the purpose of grati- 
fying their own fun making disposition. 

Small, has a sober turn of mind; is displeased with 
those who make sport out of every passing incident, and 
will not succeed in attempting to give jokes ; with very 
large Appro., will shrink under the keen sting of ridicule, 
and be angry with those who indulge sportive raillery 
against him; with large Combat., Destruct. and Self- 



INTELLECTUAL FACULTIES. 



137 



Bin added, will be likely to resort to blows when 
ridiculed. 



Vi ai Small, has a want of perceiving the ludicrous, 
and is destitute of mirthful feeling; with large Consci., 

Yen. and Caution, and moderate Hope, will be very grave, 
gloomy and sedate, and be poor company for the mirthful. 



Order II. 



Intellectual Faculties. 



These faculties observe phenomena, and reason upon 
the whole physical and metaphysical world, and consti- 
tute what is called intellect, understanding or judgment, in 
contradistinction from the feeling or emotions produced 
by the other faculties; and serve to enlighten and direct 
the feelings. They impart that thirst for information, 
that desire to know, that power to observe, remember, 
classify and reason, which makes man an intelligent and 
progressive being. 



20. New Hollander, 



21. Raphael. 




Region, No. I, [ntellect, Very deficient 

« 2, Moral, " " 

" u 3, Animal, Very large. 



Region, No. 1, Very large. 

N M g " u 

« « 3^ H M 



A glance, merely, is sufficient to show the great superiority of 
the cerebral development of Raphael, over that of the New Hol- 
lander, and that the latter with such a brain, must possess more 
of Ul6 animal, than of the moral, intellectual and human qualities, 

,4 Th« natives of New Holland," says Sir Walter Scott, "arc, 
even at present in the very lowest scale of humanity, and igno- 
rant of every art which can add comfort or decency to human 
life. These unfortunate ravages use no clothes, construct no 

12* 



138 PERCEPTIVE FACULTIES. 

cabins or huts, and are ignorant even of the manner of chasing 
animals, or catching fish, unless such of the latter as are left by 
the tide, or which are found on the rocks." 

Genus I. Perceptive Faculties. 

These bring man into connection with the material 
Avorld, and serve as a medium of communication to the 
other faculties. 

Species I. External Senses. 

They are Sensation,) By these, the mind gains knowf- 
Sight, j edge of external things, and the 

Hearing, )> internal faculties receive these 
Taste, | materials and from them, form 

Smell. J ideas of surrounding objects. 

Sensation or Feeling. This faculty is manifested 
through the agency of the nerves of sensation, which are 
ramified throughout the whole physical system. It pro- 
cures a knowledge of tangible objects, and while it min- 
isters to man's safety and preservation, it also furnishes 
to the internal faculties, the means of judging of external 
things. 

Sight. By this faculty, the image and hue of external 
things are conveyed to the internal faculties, which judge 
of their form, size, color, number r order, &.c. Eye-sight 
alone does not enable as to judge of the qualities of ob- 
jects, for persons frequently possess the power of vision, 
and fail in judging of Colors, as well as one or more of 
the other qualities just enumerated, while imperfect vision 
is often accompanied with acute judgment respecting 
those qualities.. 

Hearing, Hearing is manifested by the auditory 
nerves, and is the medium of receiving sounds which are 
rendered discordant or harmonious, according to the 
strength or activity of the other faculties. Good taste 
and judgment of the tones of voice and musical harmony 
are not produced by hearing alone, else all who hear 



PERCEPTIVE FACULTIES. 130 

distinctly would be judges of the harmony of sounds, 

which is not the C 

Taste, The gustatory Faculty, acts upon substances 

to produce the sensation of taste alone, and conveys that 
sensation to the other faculties, which form ideas of the 
qualities of matter. 

Smell. This faculty is independent of sight and 
makes us acquainted with distant objects from which 
odorous particles emanate. No effort of the will, can 
change these impression or reproduce them ; hut the 
ideas of such objects are formed and recollected, by the 
internal faculties. One valuable design of this faculty, 
is to guard man and animals from unhealthy ohjects, and 
acts as a monitor in the selection of proper food. 

REMARKS. 

It is supposed by some who object to phrenology, that 
the talent to judge of color, form and size, is imparted 
exclusively by the eye-sight, and that the senses of taste 
and smell (as they relate to food and even the sense of 
hunger) are referable to the stomach as the direct prima- 
ry seat of the feelings, and also that the sense of musical 
harmony depends upon the simple faculty of hearing. 
Now, it has been decided that the olfactory and gustatory 
nerves (which give the powers of smelling and tasting) 
originate in, or communicate with, that part of the mid- 
dle lobe of the brain which is called Alimentiveiicss, which 
organ imparts the appetite for food, and controls the 
stomach. The same may be inferred respecting the 
optic nerves. The eye is an apparatus which enables 
the faculties or organs of color, form and size to obtain 
knowledge, and through its agency they are stimulated 
to activity; but when these organs are small, the facul- 
ties are weak, even with the keenest eye-sight. The eye 
is the only medium of exercise of the organ of Color, and 
the main one of the organ of Size, and greatly aids Form ; 
and we have noticed a marked deficiency of these organs 
in the blind. We examined a young man in Cavendish, 



140 INDIVIDUALITY. 

Vt., who has been blind with one eye from infancy, and 
found the organs of Size and Color small, on the side of 
his head opposite the defective eye zndlarge on the other. 
Moreover, persons with feeble hearing power are good 
judges of musical sounds ; and those with deficient vision, 
are acute judges of colors, and vice versa. 

Species II. Observing and knowing faculties. 

These faculties gather information, criticise surround- 
ing objects, analyze the intrinsic qualities of material 
substances, observe general phenomena, impart correct 
practical judgment, and collect materials for the use of 
the higher faculties. These organs are located above 
and about the eyes, in the lower part of the forehead, 
and when large, give prominence and width to the head 
at that region. A receding forehead is produced by 
large observing organs, and is favorable to superior prac- 
tical talent. Adams, Calhoun, Clay and Preston are 
examples. 

22. Pitt. 23. Moore. 24. Sheriden. 25. Burritt. 26. Franklin. 













































































































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11^ 11^ 






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25. Individ. Moderate. Large. Large. Very large. Full. 
3 3. Event. Very large. Small. Large. Large. Average. 

37. Comp, Large. " Very large. Large, Full. Very large, 

25. INDIVIDUALITY, 

Power of observation, desire to see things as mere individ- 
ual existences. 



INDIVIDUALITY. 14 L 

This organ is located at the root of the nose, and when 
large; gi*ea width between the arches of the eyes, and 

forward prominence. 

Adaptation. Whereever we open our eyes upon na- 
ture or art, objects, things and (listeners surround us. 
The mountain with its rocks, trees and rills; the vale 
with its streams, parks and lawns, the village and city, 
with their towers, mansions, churches and the ten thou- 
sand articles of which they are composed, are objects on 
which this faculty is exercised in observing. Individual- 
ity takes cognizance of things without reference to their 
bulk, shape, density or color; brings man into harmony 
with the divisibility of matter, and recognizes things, as 
mere individual existences; while the following class of 
faculties, acting on the other qualities of objects, come in 
to scrutinize them, by which operation correct judgment 
of physical substances is formed. A train of cars, for 
instance, is presented to view when in motion. Individ- 
uality notices the whole as a separate existence, Form 
observes the shape of the cars; Size, their dimensions; 
Weight, the velocity of their movement ; Color, their hue ; 
Order, the manner in which they are arranged; Number, 
whether there are two, three or more; Locality, the 
direction they are moving; Time, the duration of the 
scene; and Eventuality treasures up the whole as an oc- 
currence, or individual fact, and preserves it for the use 
of Causality and Comparison. The office of this organ, 
therefore, is, merely to observe individual things, without 
reference to their physical qualities or the uses to which 
they may be applied. Some travelers gain by observa- 
tion but little knowledge of the physical condition of the 
country through which they pass, and rely on books and 
conversation for information. They often travel for 
miles in an open carriage without noticing any objects 
which they pass; their minds being occupied on some 
abstract subject during the whole time. Others pos 
an opposite trait of character, dislike close Study, and 
gain the mo^t of their knowledge by observation. The 
former show a weak, and the latter, a strong endowment 
of the faculty under consideration. Individuality, 



142 INDIVIDUALITY. 

general thing, is very large, and the faculty active in chil- 
dren, and the eagerness which they manifest to see every 
thing that comes within the range of their vision, agrees 
precisely with the development. Books, containing en- 
gravings illustrative of the facts which they contain, high- 
ly please children, and have a tendency to improve and 
strengthen their minds. A want of this faculty throws 
the mind out of balance, by not furnishing the other 
faculties with that intellectual food necessary to give 
depth of thought, and strength of judgment. It is essen- 
tial to success in the study of Chemistry, Botany, Min- 
eralogy, &,c. 

Very Large. One having Individ, very large, has 
very great observing powers, and manifests an intense 
desire to see every thing that comes within the sphere of 
observation, and when traveling, lets nothing escape no- 
tice or scrutiny ; with large Event, and moderate Caus., 
will be a real starer, observe more than reflect, be very 
superficial in information, and have a good memory of 
that which comes under his observation. 

Large, has a strong desire to see every thing within 
the range of vision ; takes great delight in the mere exam- 
ination of objects ; with large Event., Compar. and Time, 
and an active temperament, will be qualified to excel in 
the study of the natural sciences; with large Lang, added, 
will not only have a strong thirst for information, but a 
talent to impart instruction to others; with very large 
Caus. added, will first notice objects closely, found prem- 
ises upon the sure basis of facts, and then reason from 
them, and like Franklin and Gall be qualified to make 
discoveries in science. 

Full, is generally quite observing; notices objects in 
bold relief without descending to details and particulars 
unless the objects are connected with the business or in- 
terest of the person; with very large Caus., will often, 
when traveling, see an object, and while reflecting upon 
it, pass many things without notice; with large Event, 
added, will know much of a few things, or subjects, rath- 



FORM. L48 

er than a little of many; with small Event, and Lang., 
will not be qualified for a general scholar, or excel in any 
one science. 

Average, is not a very minute observer of things in 
general, and does not possess the power necessary to 
acquire knowledge of existing objects with facility; with 
large reasoning organs, will gain information from books 
and reflection more than by observation. 

Moderate, will fail to notice objects minutely, and 
when traveling will let many things escape observation; 
with moderate Event., will, on entering a room, observe 
the general appearance of furniture, &c, but after leaving 
it, will be able to give only a vague description of its 
contents. 

Small, has very feeble powers of observation ; gains 
knowledge slowly, and when traveling, will pass many 
objects unnoticed, although they may be conspicuous ; 
with full Caus. and Event., will be able to gain some 
knowledge from books, but be deficient in general infor- 
mation and practical ability. 

Very Small, notices but few objects when traveling; 
has no talent to acquire knowledge by observation ; feels 
his way through the world, and if all the rest of the intel- 
lectual organs be large, will fail to become a distinguished 
scholar in the natural sciences. 

26. FORM. 

Idea of configuration , power of recollecting models y coun- 
tenances, family resemblances , fyc. 

This organ is situated near the inner angles of the eyes, 
and when large, causes great width between them. 

Adaptation. The universe is composed of particles 
of matter, having an infinite variety of shapes and forms. 
In the vegetable kingdom, no two leaves can be found 



144 FORM. 

which, upon close examination, present the same configu- 
ration or shape ; and the same fact is observable in the 
animal and mineral kingdoms. Such being the case, 
it seems necessary that there should be some faculty in 
the mind, to bring man into harmony with this quality 
of objects. Phrenologists maintain that the organ of 
Form enables man to do this, and without it, no one could 
tell the difference between a circle and triangle, or a 
square. It is essential, to the sculptor, the painter and 
the mechanic, and enables us to recollect the form and 
features of absent friends, and configuration in general. 
It was a large endowment of Form, that enabled Cuvier, 
the celebrated French naturalist and anatomist to recol- 
lect the shape of every bone which he had ever seen, and 
tell, when the bones of any animal were presented for his 
inspection whether he had seen them before ; and if so, 
to know the class of animals to which they belonged. 
Some children learn the letters of the alphabet with little 
teaching, while others find difficulty in distinguishing the 
different letters by their form. The former have a strong 
and the latter a feeble endowment of this faculty. 

Very Large. One having Form very large, has an 
extraordinary memory of shapes, form and configuration, 
is very fond of viewing any object, the form of which is 
beautiful; with large Individ., will be very observing of 
persons, and never forget the countenances of those once 
seen ; with very large Lang, and Size, will have the ability 
to become a good reader, and deliver a written discourse 
well before a public assembly. 

Large, will have the ability to judge of the configura- 
tion of objects with great accuracy and has a good mem- 
ory of countenances ; with large Individ, and Comp., will 
readily detect slight differences in the shape of objects; 
with very large Size added, with point out with great 
accuracy the want of resemblance and size of two articles 
intended to have been made alike; with large Individ., 
Comp., Event, and Local., will be able to excel in anato- 
my, mineralogy, geography, &c. 



size. 145 

Full, has a tolerable good memory of the shape of 
objects, and of persons' countenances ; with very 1 i 
Construct., Size, Imitat., Color, Comp. and Idea!., will 
succeed well in drawing and painting j with large Individ, 
and Local, added, will be fond of beautiful landscape 
with large Lang, and Event, added, will have the ability 
to describe natural scenery in minute detail, and of excel- 
ling in the natural sciences. 

Average, will find it necessary to spend considerable 
time with strangers to recollect their countenances; has 
only a fair talent to judge of the configuration of objects, 
and will never excel as a mechanic without the aid of 
patterns. 

Moderate, cannot recal to mind the countenances 
even of intimate friends, and when meeting them after a 
few years' absence, will recognize those only, who have 
strongly marked features; with moderate Individ,, will 
miscall many words when reading, and never excel in 
orthography. 

Small, has a very poor memory of countenances; 
cannot retain the shape of objects with any degree of ac- 
curacy, and often shakes hands with persons* whom he 
cmnot recognize. 

Very Small, forgets the countenances of familiar 
acquaintances; cannot recognize old neighbors after a 
short absence from them, and has no idea of the features 
of absent relatives and friends. 

27. SIZE. 

Power to judge of magnitude, distance, height, depth, <$v. 

This organ is located outward from Individuality. 

Adaptation. All things occupy space: and hence 
every particle of matter has length, width and th.ckness. 
Ihe faculty of Size in man is in harmony with the attri- 
13 



146 size. 

bute of material substances, called extension. All sub- 
stances are large, or small ; broad, or narrow ; long, or 
short ; and from this fact, arises the idea of maximum 
and minimum. Thus, a mansion, and a cabin ; a moun- 
tain, and a grain of sand; a continent, and a manor; a 
man, and a boy; an inch, and a league; are relatively 
large and small, and are judged of, in that respect, by 
this faculty. Without it, we could not tell one thing 
from another when other appearances are alike; that is 
to say, where form, density, and color, are the same. 
By this faculty, we judge of animals, men, buildings, and 
things generally, and know our own, from those of others, 
or any given class of objects. The egg of an Ostrich and 
of a small bird, alike in shape and color ; can be distin- 
guished only by Size. It is useful to mechanics, in meas- 
uring size and distance, by the eye ; say the parts of a 
machine, building, coat, boot, &c. ; to the artist, in pro- 
portioning the size of the different parts of a picture, 
statue, or landscape, and is indispensible in foreshorten- 
ing and perspective ; indeed almost every mechanical and 
agricultural operation, calls for an exercise of this faculty; 
and size, in regard to property and things, being a meas- 
use of power, or quantity, or value, constitutes an im- 
portant element of practical judgment. This organ 
should be cultivated in youth, by judging and then meas- 
uring, dividing of things and judging of magnitude in 
general, and the faculty will become strong, and the 
judgment in this respect good. 

Very Large. One having this organ very large, has 
a keen, and ready perception of the magnitude of objects ; 
can determine with great accuracy, the distance of places, 
or things ; the height of a house, room or tree ; can divide 
things into equal parts without measuring ; tell the centre 
of objects, such as a line, square, or circle; in drawing, 
get the true, the relative, or comparative size of the 
thing sketched; and doit by the eye, with great precision. 

Large, The organ of size large, imparts a talent to 
judge of the magnitude, bulk, distance, and height of 
things very accurately by the eye ; the person will succeed 



WEIGHT. 147 

•well cmtcris paribus, in such arts as require good judg- 
ment of magnitude ; and will usually be able to calculate 
ordinary things without measurement ; or detect the errors 
of measurement with tlieeye; is a good judge of size and 
proportion in respect to buildings, men, cattle, hoi 
&c. When combined with large Order and Ideal., 
will arrange tools, furniture, hooks, minerals and curios- 
ities, with due regard to neatness, beauty and proportion 
of size, of the things arranged. 

Fill, is able to calculate size and distance ; to make, 
compare and arrange things, where judgment of magni- 
tude is concerned, with a fair degree of accuracy ; and 
with large Weight added, will judge by the eye of the 
weight of animals, men and things tolerably well. 

Average, can judge of size and distance, and measure, 
height, depth, Sec, with the eye, to some extent, yet will 
choose to trust to some rule — cannot carry the dimensions 
of machines, buildings, garments, men, or animals, in the 
memory, so as to decide with critical accuracy, in respect 
to the relative size of a present, with an absent object. 

Moderate, will fail to measure correctly by the eve, 
the height of mountains, buildings and distances, or the 
size of men, animals or other objects ; and can only ob- 
tain a tolerable amount of skijl in this respect, by long 
and persevering practice — as a mechanic or artist, will 
trust to the rule ; will judge and then measure, and if a 
mistake occurs in measurement, will not readily detect it 
by the eye, 

Small or Very Small, judges very inaccurately of 
absolute or relative size, length and distance, and will 
place no reliance upon the judgment, in such matters. 

28. WEIGHT. 

TTie perception and application of the principles of specific 
vity t momentum, force and resistance : of that 
aUty of matter called imponderability. 



148 WEIGHT. 

This organ is located on the arch of the eye-brow, out- 
ward of Size. When large, it gives a squareness, and a 
kind of frowning appearance to the brow, with great 
prominence to this part of the arch of the eye. 

Adaptation. All bodies, are subject to that law of 
nature called gravitation. In proportion to the density, 
or solidity of two bodies, so are they influenced by this 
law. The equilibrium of bodies is determined by this 
law, and all weighing apparatus are constructed in obedi- 
ence to it. Man's nature also, is arranged in harmony 
with the same principle. The faculty of Weight gives 
him a knowledge of his own equilibrium, and an intuitive 
desire to maintain a perfect balance of the whole body. 
It gives him an idea of perpendicularity and balance, both 
as regards his own body and every other object. He 
exercises it in almost every act. In walking he alternate- 
ly surrenders and restores his equilibrium at every step. 
If he stretches forth the hand, the body is thrown back, 
or the opposite foot extended in the reverse direction to 
balance the arm. When carrying a weight in one hand, 
the body leans the other way to balance the burden. If 
another of equal weight be taken in the other hand, the 
one balances the other and the body assumes a perpendic- 
ular attitude. In carrying a burden upon the back, one 
leans forward, and the reverse when the burden is in the 
arms, and in either case, the body is thrown off its bal- 
auce to counterpoise the burden, so that a perpendicular 
line from the feet shall divide the total weight of the body 
and the burden carried. This organ also gives the talent 
to judge of perpendiculars in general ; and combined with 
Form, to determine when any thing is level. This last 
judgment, is formed by drawing a right angle from the 
innate imaginary perpendicular line existing in the mind. 
All bodies when left to the control of the law of gravita- 
tion, fall in a direct line to the earth, and in falling de- 
scribe a perpendicular line; and the mind, being in har- 
mony with this law, determines the direction a body will 
take in falling, without regard to any surrounding object 
or appearance whatever. A right angle from this line 
will be. lovel 3 which is determined by the organ of Form* 



WKKillT. 1 H 

which judges of angles or shape, and thus the faculty of 
ght, furnishes the basis for the survey of canals, and 

level roads around lulls and over a rough country by the 
ilone; and by this organ we are able to tell if a pole, 
tree, or building is perpendicular, when they arc? situated 
upon sloping or uneven ground, surrounded by nothing 
which is either level or upright. Every leaning object 
which seems to be unsupported offends against the law of 
gravitation and of equilibrium and against the feelings of 
one having the organ of Weight large. It is necessary 
to the sculptor, to enable him to make his statue so as to 
be perfectly balanced ; to the painter, to give the proper 
attitude to a picture ; to builders, in judging of levels and 
perpendiculars, and to the machinist in determining the 
force and resistance of a machine, and to understand the 
laws of velocity and momentum, in the whole arrange- 
ment. The whole system of Hydraulic power is based 
upon gravitation and a knowledge of its principles is 
obtained and applied by the faculty of Weight. This 
faculty enables us to judge of, and apply the power neces- 
sary to propel bodies ; to throw a ball or quoit ; to balance 
the body on the mast, or yard-arm of a ship, or a high 
frame, and to walk on high and narrow places, and main- 
tain the equilibrium of the body. Great engineers, circus 
riders, rope dancers and balancers, have the organ very 
large. This tells them when the body, or any thing to 
be poised, is in the least degree off the true balance, and 
induces an instantaneous desire and ability to restore it. 
Without it, man and beast would fall, and like water or 
any round substance, seek a level. 

Very Large. One having the organ of weight very 
large, is capable of preserving the true balance of the 
body in any position ; will judge with critical accuracy of 
the specific gravity of bodies, and the power necessary to 
propel them ; and whether buildings, trees, masts, stee- 
ples, furniture, mirrors, maps or pictures are perpendicu- 
lar ; and feel uneasy if the law of gravitation is violated 
in the least degree, 
13* 



150 color- 

Large, judges very correctly of the weight of animals, 
men and things, also whether things are reclining ; is 
offended with leaning statuary, a stooping man, house, 
fence, steeple, tree, or any thing which ought to be per- 
pendicular; has good judgment of weight and resistance; 
can balance the body on horseback, and if a man, will 
throw a ball, stone or quoit well, or become a good 
marksman with little practice. 

Full, can judge tolerably well of specific gravity, keep 
a balance, &c; will notice if things are not perpendicu- 
lar, or level, but lack that nice perception, that mathe- 
matical certainty in this respect, described under Weight 
very large. 

Average, has not enough of this faculty to judge with 
accuracy of weight, resistance, momentum and perpen- 
dicularity; will notice if things are very much leaning, 
but is not pained at a slight variation ; will frequently 
trip and lose the balance of the body, and if Caution be 
large, and Combat, and Appro, moderate, will venture 
very little in the way of climbing. 

Moderate, will require much practice to judge with 
any degree of correctness, of gravity and perpendiculars ; 
will stumble and trip easily, and venture upon high and 
difficult places, only from imperious necessity, and bal- 
ance poorly. 

Small or Very Small, is the reverse of what is de- 
scribed under Weight very large. 

29. COLOR. 

Perception of primary colors, their shades and blending s. 

This organ is located at the centre of the arch of the 
eye-brow, and when large, gives great upward and for- 
ward arching to it. 



COLOR. 151 

Adaptation. Color is a quality of objects, which not 
only renders them beautiful, but one by which we dis- 
criminate things which may be precisely alike in form, 
size and weight. Personal beauty is dependent to some 
extent, upon color, and by the organ of Color, we admire 
the general complexion, as well as the rosy cheek, the 
beaming eye and flowing locks. The green carpet of 
the earth, studded with variegated flowers; the foliage 
and blossoms of the forest, with the rich plumage of its 
merry songsters; the unsurpassed splendor of the marine 
beauties; the mellow pencilings of sun-light upon the 
summer cloud ; the glowing hues of the rainbow, and the 
warm, life-like coloring of the breathing canvass, are 
loved and prized by this faculty, which brings us into 
harmony with those beauties of nature and art, and with- 
out which, "full many a flower would bloom unseen," and 
man would be blind to the rich hues that invite admira- 
tion and feast the eye on every hand. 

Some persons who have keen eye-sight, cannot distin- 
guish red from green. In the winter of 1839, one of the 
authors, (N. Sizer,) examined the head of Mr. John G. 
Richey, of Bloomsbury, N. J., who had excellent eye- 
sight, yet he could not tell one color from another; could 
see only one hue in the rainbow, and as he said, all colors 
looked to him like ashes. In the summer of 1842, we ex- 
amined the heads of Dr. Harwood and Col. Harwood, of 
Whately, Mass., who have good eye-sight, and cannot tell 
green from ripe cherries or strawberries by their color. 
They can, with difficulty, distinguish the tincture of 
blood-root from Jamaica spirits by the color, when they are 
side by side in transparent bottles. These facts, and many 
others which have fallen under our notice, as well as those 
recorded by Spurzheim, Combe, Fowler and others, 
prove, that good eye-sight may be present without the 
power to distinguish colors, and that the ability to judge 
of colors, is dependent upon a special organ of the brain. 

Females generally have the organ of color larger, and 
the faculty stronger than males; because little girls are 
dressed in gaily colored clothing, and their attention be- 
ing constantly directed to their various shades as well as 



152 COLOR, 

to pictures and flowers, has a tendency to cultivate and 
increase the organ ; while boys, who are dressed in black 
or sober gray, are left without cultivation ; and hence it 
is, that men seldom notice the color of a stranger's hair, 
eyes or dress, and women are close observers and gooJ 
judges in those matters. Some Artists draw well and 
color badly ; others draw badly and excel in coloring ; 
the latter, have the organ of Color large, and Form, Size, 
Weight, Ideality and Imitation deficient; and the former, 
the reverse. 

Very Large. One having the organ of Color very 
large, is a great observer and lover of colors; a good judge 
of the nicer shades and blendings of shades; and with 
large Imitat., Form, Size, Weight and Ideal., is capable 
of drawing and painting with extraordinary skill, and 
will be fond of cultivating flowers and collecting paint- 
ings, shells, &c, for the beauty of their colors. 

Large, has a ready and clear perception of the nice 
shades and blendings of colors, and is quite observing of 
the color of the hair, eyes and dress of persons; has the 
faculty to combine and compare colors with skill and 
detect errors in paintings; will manifest good taste in 
the selection of goods where color is a valuable quality, 
and with practice, would become a good colorist. 

Full, possesses a tolerable amount of talent to observe, 
discriminate and judge of the primitive colors, and with 
practice, will be able to harmonize and blend them with 
some, but not great skill ; in painting, will use bold col- 
ors, and with large Ideal., will be as fond of mezzotint or 
Daguerreotype pictures, as colored paintings. 

Average, can distinguish colors and recollect them 
by giving particular attention, but is not very observing 
of complexion, the color of the dress of persons, &c, If 
Form, Size, Order and Ideal, be large, will notice the 
figure, proportion and delicacy of a person or picture, 
flower, dry goods or animals, more than their color. 



ORDLR. I'"> : * 

MODERATE, seldom notices colors, unless the attention 
is directed to them by business, interest, or BOme Bingu 
larity, such as a spotted horse, ox or bird , will Buffer 
ordinary colors, to pass without a thought; with Ideal. 
and the perceptive organs large, will be fond of pictures 
and ilowers, but other (jualities more than color, will be 
the foundation of admiration. 

Small or Very Small, can never excel in judging of 
colors, even with practice ; may tell black from white ; 
an African from an European; but sees little difference 
in colors, or their blcndings. 

30. ORDER. 

Love of arrangement ; desire to have things in their prop- 
cr places* 

This organ is situated between Color and Number "at 
the external corner of the eye, and beneath the origin of 
the superciliary ridge." 

Adaptation. Order is said to be Heaven's first law, 
and if we take a survey of the celestial worlds, and witness 
the order and regularity of their movements, and then 
turn our view r to the earth, and notice the regularity of 
the seasons, day and night; the regular gradation of ani- 
mals from the meanest reptile up to man, and the perfect 
system every where existing in the natural world, we are 
struck with the truth of the words of the poet, that, 

"The general order since the world began, 

Is kept in nature, and is kept in man." 

Man, is brought into harmony with this system in na- 
ture, by having implanted in his mind, a distinct faculty, 
the design of which is to give regularity and order, in all 
his actions. Without order in the natural world, confu- 
sion and disorder would take the place of that perfect 
harmony which now exists. Blot this faculty from the 
mind of man, and much of the happiness which he now 
enjoys, would be annihilated. In view, therefore, of the 



154 ORDER. 

importance of order and system, in all the affairs of life, 
we see the necessity of training children in such a man- 
ner that they will practice it from choice, when they 
come to act for themselves. The secret of order is this ; 
"always put a thing in its right place when you have done 
using it, and so nothing in that case gets out of order." 
Parents should teach their children this secret, both by 
precept and example, and make them practice according- 
ly, and it will be of immense service to them in subse- 
quent life. 

Very Large. One having this organ very large, is 
extremely precise and systematic in arranging clothing, 
tools, books, &c; keeps every thing in its proper place, 
is very uneasy in viewing disorder, and in meny things is 
over-nice. One having Order very large, combined with 
moderate or average Ideal, and Caution, will not be very 
particular about personal neatness ; with large Appro, 
added will keep the "outside of the cup and platter" 
clean, and use a great deal of finery to cover up a slov- 
enly person. 

Large, likes good order and arrangement in all things ; 
can usually find clothing, tools, &c, in the dark, if no 
one has misplaced them ; with large Combat., and a ner- 
vous temperament, will be angry at others if they do not 
practice neatness, and keep every thing where it should 
be ; with large Lang, added, will be well qualified for a 
scold, and will be likely to use some harsh language 
when things do not go right ; will be displeased with 
domestics if they are not neat and tidy, and with small 
Secret., be so blunt with them as to give offence, and find 
difficulty in retaining their services. 

Full, is rather precise and systematic; values order 
highly, and generally keeps things in their proper places. 
With large Ideal., will be quite neat and particular ; with 
very large Local, will have a particular place for clothing, 
books, &c With large Inhab., will want a particular 
seat at the table and fireside, 



NUMBER. |6| 

Average, has an average share of order and love of 
arrangement ; likes to see things in their proper pin 

but does not always keep them so; is not fastidious or 
over-nice; with large Ideal, and Appro., will be neat in 
and personal appearance, and exhibit more taste 
than systematic arrangement in general business. 

Moderate, will not appreciate order, or in general 
arrangement keep things as they should be ; has some 
order, but more disorder, in respect to keeping clothing, 
tools, &x., in their proper places. 

Small, is not troubled if things are out of place, and 
does not appreciate good arrangement ; in writing, will get 
many blots upon the paper and fail to cross the t's and 
dot the i's; with large Combat., Self-Esteem and De- 
struct., and a nervous temperament, will scold at others 
if they do not keep order, and at the same time lack the 
ability to arrange things with neatness and propriety. 

Very Small, is not systematic, has no sense of pro- 
priety in arranging furniture, dress, &c, always leaves 
things out of their proper places, in short, has a place for 
nothing and nothing in its place. 

31. NUMBER. 

Ability to add, subtract, multiply and divide, to count and 
calculate numbers. 

This organ is situated outward from Order, and a little 
above the external angle of the eye. 

Adaptation. It is a source of much enjoyment to 
know the number of inhabitants in different countries and 
upon the whole earth, the number of years since the 
Adamic creation, the birth of Christ, and other important 
epochs in the history of the world. This enjoyment 
could not be realized, if the Creator had not endowed 
man with the faculty of Number. It enables us to reckon 
days, months and years, the number of seconds in a year, 



156 NUMBER. 

to calculate the movements of the heavenly bodies, and 
predict with mathematical precision the time when an 
eclipse of the sun or moon will take place; to navigate 
the ocean and "state the tides;" in short, everything that 
comes under the head of computing by numbers whether 
mentally or otherwise, is performed through the agency 
of this organ. It does not, of itself, enable those who 
have it large to excel in mathematics. Number was very 
large in the head of Zerah Colburn, who surprised the 
whole learned world, when a mere boy, with his astonish- 
ing powers of calculation. But with this extraordinary 
power of mental calculation he never excelled in the 
study of mathematics. "This organ," says Dr. Spurz- 
heim^ "only calculates ; and while arithmetic, algebra, and 
logarithms belong to it, the other branches of mathematics 
and geometry are not products of its activity alone, but 
with its union with Size and Locality."* Negroes, gen- 
erally have this organ moderately developed, and they 
seldom excel in the study of arithmetic. We have fre- 
quently heard accountants complain of pain in the region 
of the head where Number is located, after having been 
busily engaged during the day in difficult calculations. 

Very Large. One having this organ very large, has 
very great powers of calculation; can reckon figures in 
the head, with celerity and correctness; solve difficult 
questions without the aid of rules ; with a large develop- 
ment of the reasoning organs, will have the ability to 
excel as a mathematician ; with those organs moderate, 
will succeed well in acquiring a knowledge of Arithmetic, 
but not in the higher branches of mathematics. 

Large, has the ability to succeed well in the study of 
arithmetic; reckons figures in the head with ease and 
dispatch: takes much delight in solving arithmetical 
problems; with large Local., Form, Size and Comp., will 
have the ability to succeed well in the studies of surveying 
and navigation ; with large Caus. and Comp. added, will 
be able to excel in the higher branches of mathematics. 

*Spurzheim\s Phrenology, Vol. I, p. 322, 



LOCALITY. 1.77 

Fuel, can acquire a knowledge of arithmetic with I 
good degree of facility, and be able with practice, to solve 
difficult problems, without the aid of a pen or pencil ; 
with large Caution, will be slow, but correct in calcula- 
tions, and with large reflective organs, succeed well in 
the reasoning part of arithmetic, and in mathematics. 

Average, has a fair talent to compute by numbers, 
but is not very fond of the study of arithmetic ; with larrre 
Caus.,will be better pleased with mathematics than simple 
numbering; with average, or full Individ., cannot become 
a rapid penman, and will be liable, when trying to write 
with celerity, to leave out letters, or parts of a letter, or 
put too many letters into a word ; with large Caution and 
Order added, will write a stiff, but legible hand. 

Moderate, cannot compute by numbers with ease or 
facility ; dislikes the study of arithmetic, and will need 
to study much, to be able to transact common business 
that requires a knowledge of the science of numbers. 

Small or Very Small, is wanting in arithmetical 
talent ; cannot learn the multiplication table, yet with 
large reasoning organs, and an active temperament, may 
be a philosopher, and possess sound judgment in every 
thing, except the science of numbers. 

82. LOCALITY. 

Knowledge of direction, and of the relative position of 
places and things. 

This organ is located above Size and Weight, on each 
side of Eventuality and Individuality. 

Ab.'PTATiON. One principle in natural philosophy is, 
that no two substances can occupy the same place at the 
same tune, and hence the impenetrability of matter* 
Every ibing in existence, must occupy some place. Ev- 
ery puticle of matter bears some relation toother parti- 
cles of matter, and each is located it; some direction from 
14 



15S 



L0CALITT. 



every other. Man occupies a place in creation, and 
every other thing is situated in respect to him, either 
above, beneath or laterally. This organ gives man a 
memory of the relative direction of things from himself, 
and by knowing such direction he is enabled to point 
toward or approach them. It imparts all our ideas or 
knowledge of the cardinal points, the locality of rooms, 
towns, states, and countries, and from this faculty has 
arisen the science of geography, which is the handmaid 
of navigation. Man may be called a peregrinating being, 
from his fondness of roaming from place to place. Lo* 
cality gives this desire, and ability to visit any spot on 
the face of the earth, and find the way back to the "dear 
native home." Inhabitiveness imparts the desire for a 
"local habitation," a home ; but necessity, convenience, 
pleasure or profit, requires man to visit other places, and 
the organ of Locality serves as an internal magnet, to 
direct him in his travels, and pilot him back to his haven- 
home. The American Indians have the organ large, and 
it is well known, that they are very sagacious in knowing 
and finding the localities of the trackless forest. It is 
indispensable to civil engineers, navigators, printers, or- 
ganists, &c, and useful in every lane of life. Certain 
animals and insects manifest an intuitive talent in know- 
ing the location of places and finding them, without ever 
having traveled over the ground. A pig may be removed 
from its native place several miles and by a circuitous 
route, and when liberated, it will take a direct line to its 
home and swim rivers to accomplish the journey. A for- 
eign hunting dog may be placed upon a track in a strange 
territory, and after having run all day, will take a new 
and direct route to the place where he ate his breakfast. 
A bee may be carried in a box for twenty miles, and 
when liberated, will make a few turns to regulate the 
local knowledge, and then take a "bee lixte^ for its hive. 
Bee hunters, take advantage of the direct, homeward- 
bound course of bees, to find their delicious treasury. 
Thus, there seems to be in animals an innate knowledge 
of the geography of places. The faculty of Locality in 
man, is designed to impart the same talent, to such an 
extent as his circumstances require. 



LOCALITY. 159 

Very Large. One having Locality very large, is anx- 
ious to visit foreign places; desires to understand the 
minute geography of different countries; has a clear and 
vivid recollection of roads and places once seen, their 
relative position, direction or location. With Inhab. 
moderate, will he passionately fond of traveling, and 
rending of travels, surveys, &x. ; never gets lost in cities 
or forests, and can direct travelers well. 

Lakge, is well qualified to enjoy traveling ; or to pur- 
sue the study of geography understanding^ ; will retrace 
the steps through winding ways without difficulty, and 
seldom forgets the appearance or location of places once 
seen. With large Number, Form, Size and Weight, will 
excel as a surveyor, or navigator; with large Lang, and 
Individ, added, will excel in describing localities; and 
with large Ideal., Hope and Marvel, and average Acquis, 
added, would like to travel the world through, to see 
curiosities and examine the wonders of the present and 
ruins of the past. 

Full, has a relish for traveling; likes to get informa- 
tion respecting nations, places and general geography ; 
in listening to a fact or transaction, wishes to know ivherc 
it occurred, and in relating incidents, is particular to tell 
the place of the transaction, as well as the fact; always 
has a curiosity to know ivhere persons live, to find out 
the residence of strangers, &,c. ; seldom gets "turned 
around" or loses the point of compass ; generally recol- 
lects the appearance of towns, direction of roads and 
streams; the locality of mountains, buildings, places and 
things. 

Average, feels some desire to visit foreign places ; 
has ordinary local memory, and requires strict attention 
to recollect the peculiarities of places. With small Indi- 
vid., will often pass places a second time without recol- 
lecting them. With large Inhab., Adhes. and Acquis., 
will travel only to see friends, or when interest demands 
it, and will then travel in a cheap way. With large 
Lang., will remember where things are situated by the 



160 SEMI-PERCEPTIVE FACULTIES. 

language used to describe their location rather than by 
their absolute situation. 

Moderate, will not be fond of roving, or remember 
roads, places and localities, unless directed by something 
of special interest. With large perceptive organs and 
large Eventuality, will readily see things, and remember 
all that he sees, but not be critical respecting their local- 
ity. If Inhab., and the social organs generally, and 
Acquis, be large, the person will travel only from impe- 
rious necessity and turn the back upon the world and 
say, "There 's no place like home." 

Small, is liable to get lost when traveling or rather is 
not disposed to travel at all; with large Individ., Form, 
Color, Ideal, and Marvel., will be^ fond of seeing the 
curiosities which new scenes afford, but will have a poor 
memory of localities. 

Very Small, has a very poor geographical memory, 
and travels only from the urgency of business and the 
promptings of the other faculties. 

Species III. Semi-Perceptive Faculties. 

The organs of these faculties are located across the 
middle of the forehead, above the simple perceptive, and 
below the reflective or reasoning organs, and the facul- 
ties in their nature are intermediate, those which relate 
merely to the physical qualities of material substances 
and those that grasp abstract relations and truly meta- 
physical subjects. The perceptive faculties gather facts 
and observe the phenomena of things as simple existences, 
while the semi-perceptives take cognizance of their modes 
of action, and remember what the others observe, and 
transmit it to the reflective faculties, and thus the per- 
ceptive and semi-perceptive faculties all combine, to fur- 
nish data for the reasoning powers. The reader is respect* 
fully referred to the cuts, page 140, winch exhibit the 
organs of the reflective, semi-perceptive and perceptive 
faculties, in different degrees of development. 



EVENTUALITY. 161 

33. EVENTUALITY. 

Recollection of facts t actions and occurrences ; power to 
trta sw n up what the other faculties obssn 

This organ is located in the centre of the forehead, 
between the simple perceptive, and reflective faculties. 

Adaptation. The adaptation of such a faculty to the 
affairs of this busy world, will be perfectly apparent when 
we reflect that the earth, with its innumerable inhabitants, 
is one great theatre of life, motion and change ; old things 
are passing away, and the new constantly taking their 
place. Like the rolling current of a stream, so are facts, 
circumstances and phenomena, constantly rushing upon, 
and passing ofTthe stage of action ; the sun rises and sets, 
the seasons change, vegetation springs up, blooms and 
decays ; men and animals rise, flourish and die. This 
faculty is placed in man, to treasure up those facts, ac- 
tions and changes ; to engrave them on the mind, and 
reserve them for future use or application. Without such 
a garner-house in the mind, some distinct power to re- 
member events, the facts, actions and living phenomena 
of yesterday would furnish neither pleasure nor wisdom 
to-day. The judgment of the present would not be 
illumined by the experience of the past, and we should 
live, and think, and know, only in the circumscribed 
point, called now ; we should learn and use knowledge 
instantaneously, and of necessity, cast it aside forever. 
Without memory, the events of life, like impressions in 
water, would be effaced and none could become wise or 
learned. Man would be unable to revel amid the rich 
treasures of the past; the history of his early life, of the 
centuries of time since the creation, all teeming with 
stirring interest, would be to him as a sealed book. Only 
one thing, circumstance or event, could be known at a 
time ; and that only during its occurrence, the memory 
of which would pass away forever, and leave the mind, 
as it respects what has been, a perfect blank. With a 
good memory of facts and occurrences, we are enabled 
to garner not only those things which have transpired in 
14* 



162 EVENTUALITY. 

our experience, but we range the ancient battle fields, 
the changes of government, the rise and fall of kings, the 
advancement of science and religion, and the onward 
progress of knowledge and refinement, which have given 
interest to the world in former ages. The scholar of 
historic lore, <; is a contemporary ot all ages — a denizen 
of all nations," and even while on his pillow, may roam 
upon the ramparts of Babylon, Jerusalem, Troy, Thebes, 
or Pompeii, and connect the ante, with the postdiluvian 
history, converse with the poets, philosophers and orators 
of other times, and trace the glowing pages which record 
the changes, habits and manners, of every nation which 
has risen and flourished and passed away. This pours a 
flood of wisdom and delight into the soul, cultivates the 
taste, enlarges and elevates the mind, corrects the judg- 
ment, and lays the foundation of wisdom and happiness. 
This faculty is indispensable to success in the business 
man, the orator and statesman. We have noticed that 
Ex-Presidents Adams and Van Buren ; Senators J. C. 
Calhoun, Preston, Benton and Wright; Mr. Clay and 
Mr. Wise; Jonathan Roberts, late collector at Philadel- 
phia and many other distinguished public men, have 
the organ of Eventuality very large; and they are very 
remarkable for acute and comprehensive memory of facts 
and details. This gives them the material for extempo- 
raneous debate, and the power of bringing to bear upon 
the point in question, every fact and precedent in the his- 
tory of the present or past. Mr. Adams literally knows all 
that he has ever learned ; and we have seen him called out 
by incidental debate, when he would at once, by the power 
of his memory, give the history of our own, or of foreign 
governments in detail, being himself a walking library. 
J. C. Calhoun never takes notes in the Senate, but replies 
to long speeches from memory alone. Reporter Stans- 
bury also, has an extraordinary development of Eventual- 
ity, and without the aid of stenography, reports more for 
the press than any other congressional reporter, and at 
the close of each day, writes it out from memory, with 
the aid of a few brief notes. This organ is usually large 
in children, and their memory of facts, stories, &c, cor- 
responds with it; while adults often have the organ 



EVENTUALITY. 1C3 

moderate ami the faculty weak, which shows that it has 
not been cultivated. It is, like the key-stone to an arch, 
one of the most important faculties of the mind, and one 
of the easiest to improve and cultivate. Children love 
to listen to narratives and anecdotes, and that should he 
the mode of educating this faculty of memory, as it fur- 
nishes stimulus for the organ. The Jews taught their 
children, what their fathers had taught thcm y "showing 
to the generation to come the praises of the Lord, and 
his strength, and his wonderful works that he hath done. 
For he established a testimony in Jacob, and appointed a 
law in Israel, which he commanded our fathers, that they 
should make them known to their children ; that the 
generation to come might know them, even the children 
which should be born; who should arise and declare 
them to their children ; that they might set their hope in 
God, and not forget the works of God ; but keep his 
commandments." No nation ever was better versed in 
their own history than the Jews; and sacred and profane 
Jewish history, bear testimony to the truth of this asser- 
tion, as well as furnish a strong motive to improve the 
memory of the present generation by similar means. 
History taught by tradition makes a lasting impression 
upon the memory, for it is given with warmth, and life, 
and action ; whereas, written history is too often dry, 
cold and uninteresting, and fails to take root in the 
memory. yEsop's fables assume the form of stories, and 
are an exception to the common mode of communication. 
Persons read a plain matter of fact or a principle, and 
forget it almost as soon; but a story, even an anecdote 
of early youth, is remembered with mathematical accu- 
racy for an age. 

Very Large. One having Event, very large, pos- 
sesses a clear retentive memory of facts, historical events, 
anecdotes, what has happened, &c. With large Individ., 
is very observing of things when inaction and motion, 
and has a remarkable memory of such occurrences, even 
in minute detail. With large Consci., Time and Local., 
will be a good witness in courts of justice ; will remem- 
ber circumstances, and the time and place of their occur- 



164 EVENTUALITY. 

rence, while Consci., will lead to the honest relation of 
the facts. 

Large, asks many questions ; seeks information ; has 
a prying curiosity to find out and know ; remembers inter- 
esting events without effort, and has the talent necessary 
for a good historian. With large Local., will be passion- 
ately fond of reading of travels and voyages, and with 
large Yen. added, the biography of distinguished persons. 
With large Firm., Destruct. and Combat., will like the 
history of wars, and the rise andf all of Empires ; with large 
Time and Local., will remember with accuracy the time 
when, and the places where events occurred ; and with 
large Lang, added, will remember the language of writers 
used in the description of events, and be able to commu- 
nicate those facts to others in a clear manner. 

Full, is anxious to read and hear the news and to 
gather facts; will remember leading events tolerably well, 
but suffer minor matters, and less interesting particulars 
to escape the memory. If Acquis., Time and Caution 
be large, will have a good memory of business transac- 
tions, and with large Consci. added, be punctual to fulfill 
engagements. 

Average, will require much effort to remember events, 
which are not important or interesting. If Acquis., 
Philo., Adhes., Caution or Appro, be large, will remem- 
ber what concerns the interest of the purse, what relates 
to children, or friends, or danger, or reputation, and will 
always require some aid of the other faculties to impress 
upon the mind the recollection of events With large 
reasoning organs, will remember ideas and principles bet- 
ter than facts. 

Moderate, recollects important facts and events only, 
or where interest is concerned. With large Mirth., 
Imitat. and Lang., will remember ludicrous incidents and 
anecdotes, and relate them well. With very large Indi- 
vid., Local., Time and Form, will remember places, dates 
and faces, better than events, and recollect events in 



TIME. 165 

detail, only by associating them with other appearances 
and circumstances. 

Small, lacks the power to remember facts successfully 
even when interest produces a desire to retain; gains but 
little knowledge from books, because he cannot remem- 
ber what he reads. 

Very Small, cannot remember what daily occurs; 
when a question arises, is obliged to reason out every 
thing anew, and fails to profit by experience. 

3 4. TIME. 

Perception of duration, ability to recollect the time when 
events transpired. 

The organ of Time is situated between Locality and 
Tune, and above Color. 

Adaptation. Time is continually passing away, and 
events are daily transpiring, the date of which it is pleas- 
ing and important to recollect. Every event recorded 
in the history of the past, took place at a certain period 
of time, and bears some relation in point of occurrence 
to other events. The starting point with man in rela- 
tion to time, is the Adamic creation. We have no facul- 
ty that enables us to comprehend eternity, hence we are 
lost in its contemplation. Chronology is founded upon 
this faculty in connection with Number. It aids the 
musician by enabling him to give each note its exact 
time. It should be cultivated in children by learning 
them to observe the day of the week, month, &.c, and 
by being particular, when telling them historical facts, to 
impress upon their minds the exact time when those facts 
transpired. If you wish to give your child a short ac- 
count of the life and character of Washington, be partic- 
ular in stating the time of his birth, when he was chosen 
Commander in Chief of the American armies, the date 
of the principal battles in the war of the revolution, the 
of his first and second election as President of the 



166 TIME. 

United States, his retirement, his death, &,c. By taking 
this method with children, they can easily be taught to 
become good chronologists. For the last four years, the 
authors have m,ade many observations respecting the size 
of this organ in the heads of different persons in the 
United States, and have generally found it in a moderate 
state of development, accompanied, if we take the state- 
ments of those examined as evidence, with a poor mem- 
ory of dates. To what is this owing? We answer, to 
a want of cultivation. Books should be published for the 
use of schools, containing the date of every important 
event that has taken place since the creation of the world, 
and children should study such books when young, and 
then would the common complaint of a poor memory of 
dates and ages, cease. 

Very Large. One having Time very large, has a re- 
markable talent to recollect the precise time when events 
transpired, the day of the month, the hour of the day, 
&,c, with great accuracy without the aid of a time piece, 
and has the ability to become a good chronologist. 

Large, has an excellent memory in respect to the time 
when events transpired ; in relating anecdotes, will be par- 
ticular to tell the time of their occurrence; keeps good 
time in marching, dancing, and in performing music ; 
with large Consci. and Firm., will be punctual to the 
moment to fulfill engagements, and wish others to do like- 
wise. 

Full, has a fair memory of dates, and of the ages of 
friends ; in reading history, will recollect the time when 
important events have taken place, but will forget the 
date of events of minor importance; with large Tune, 
Event, and Number, will have the ability to become a 
good musician, and keep correct time. 

Average, is not capable of excelling as a chronolo- 
gist ; cannot tell the day of the week or month, without 
giving particular attention ; with large Event., will recol- 
lect a circumstance much better than the date of its oc- 



TUNE. 107 

currence ; with large Local., Individ., Lang, nnd Form 
added, iti relating an anecdote will tell the circumstances 
accurately, the place win re and before whom, but forget 
the time when it occurred. 

Moderate, cannot recollect dates, ages, &c, or tell 
the time token events have transpired, without giving great 
attention; has not the ability to excel as a chronologist 
or to keep correct time in music; as a public speaker, 
will clip his words, and speak one pnrt of a sentence with 
great rapidity and another part slowly. 

Small or Very Small, finds difficulty in recollecting 
the ages of near relations ; cannot tell the time when 
important events have taken place ; fails to keep time in 
music and marching, and with moderate Number, will 
forget his own age. 

35. TUNE.* 

Sense of melody and musical harmony. 

This organ is located forward of Constructiveness, and 
above and backward of the external angle of the eye. 

Adaptation. That man is naturally a musical being, 
may be inferred from the fact, that savage as well as civ- 
ilized nations, have their songs and melodies, and seem- 
ingly take much delight in music. Without this faculty, 
a great amount of enjoyment which mankind now expe- 
rience, would be lost, and the soul-stirring melodies which 
almost electrify assemblies, the varied music of the social 
circle, the plaintive strain which leads the humble wor- 
shiper to raise his thoughts from earth to heaven, and 
joined with Hope, to anticipate the time when he shall 
sing the "praises of redeeming love," in the company of 

*Notf. The organ of Tunc occupies a small f pace in (behead. 
and is covered with the temporal muscles, ami tor ihisreason \v»* 
are not always positive respecting its size; and hence, in giving a 
Chart, we seldom mark the organ, in the naked skull, we find 
ho difficulty on this point. 



163 TONE* 

the blessed, could not be enjoyed. The kind of music 
which will please a person, depends much upon his other 
faculties. The organs of the propensities being large, 
give a love of martial music; but if the moral organs 
predominate, sacred music will be preferred. Many, 
judging from their own consciousness, maintain that a 
very considerable portion of mankind cannot learn music. 
Such, however, is not the fact. There are a iew, who 
cannot see any difference in different colors, and others 
who cannot solve a simple question in arithmetic, and 
there are some persons so deficient in Tune, that they 
cannot learn to distinguish tones. The reason why so 
many persons cannot sing, is in consequence of so little 
attention being given to the education of this faculty, in 
childhood. If no more pains were taken to learn chil- 
dren arithmetic, than is now given to music, there would 
be as many poor arithmeticians as musicians. This 
shows the necessity of teaching music in common schools. 
If the sense of melody is an innate faculty in the human 
mind, and a temperate exercise of all the faculties con- 
stitutes happiness,* then the cultivation of this organ in 
childhood must be apparent to all intelligent minds. 

Very Large. One having Tune very large, is very 
quick to learn tunes by hearing them sung, and recollects 
them without effort ; with large Imitat., and average 
Form, Size, Individ., Event, and Time, will dislike to 
sing by note ; with large, or very large Ideal., will be fond 
of soft and gentle airs; with very large Combat., Arnat. 
and Mirth., will be fond of martial music, love songs, and 
comic singing ; with small, or moderate Ideal, added, will 
admire negro songs of a coarse and vulgar nature, and 
prefer them to elevated and refined music. 

Large, has a good musical ear and by hearing others 
perform, can learn tunes with facility without the aid of 
of notes; with large Individ., Local., Time and Weight, 
will readily learn to perform well on the Piano Forte; 
with large Benev., Ven., Hope, Marvel., Adhes. and 
Ideal., will throw the whole soul into music, and perform 
with great talent and melting melody; with large Com- 



LANGUAGE. 169 

b'at. added, will perform with energy, force and power. 

Full, is quite fond of music and can learn tunes by ear 
with a good degree of facility ; with large or full Time, 
Individ., Form and Numb,, will learn tunes readily by 
note; with large Mirth, and Hope, and average Caution 
and Consci., will be fond of gay and lively airs; with 
average Hope, and Mirth., and large Caution and Consci., 
will be pleased with plaintive music, and be disgusted 
with comic sonars, dancing tunes and boisterous music. 

Average, cannot readily learn tunes by hearing them 
performed by others, but can discriminate between good 
and poor music; with large Form, Time, and Number, 
and much practice, wiJl be able to play on musical instru- 
ments, and with a good voice, to sing with the aid of notes. 

Moderate, is not elated at the sound of music and 
learns tunes with great difficulty ; with large Self-Esteem, 
will like to take the lead ; will sing loud, and make many 
discords and not know it, to the great annoyance of those 
who have a good taste for musical harmony; with large 
Ideal., may be very fond of hearing vocal music, and will 
think much of the words with which it is connected, 

Small, oh Very Small, dislikes music ; has not the 
ability to distinguish the difference in tones; cannot tell 
harmonious from discordant strains, or one tune from 
another, but if Time be large, may do it by the slowness 
or rapidity of the movement ; as a public speaker, will 
fail to modify the voice, so as to please an auditory; with 
small Ideal., will be low and vulgar in feeling and conduct. 

3G. LANGUAGE. 

Faculty of committing to memory , power of expressing 
>?hts and ideas by means of speech. 

This org, m is located immediately over the eyes, upon 
the st tor plate, and when largo, presses the 

outward and downward. 
15 



1?0 lANGUAGE. 

Adaptation. The faculty of Language takes cognU 
zance of the artificial signs by which our ideas are rep- 
resented, the ideas themselves being given by the other 
faculties. Eventuality enables us to recollect daily oc- 
currences, Form gives the idea of configuration, Causalty 
takes cognizance of cause and effect, and Language sup- 
plies the words or sounds, by which to express the ideas 
which those faculties originate. Without this faculty, 
by which man communicates his thoughts to his fellow 
man, literature, science, arts, civilization and refinement 
would not be known. When we take a view of the func- 
tion of this organ, we are forcibly reminded of the wis- 
dom and goodness of the Creator, in thus distinguishing 
man from the lower order of animals. It must be borne 
in mind, however, that there is a natural and artificial 
language, both of which are expressed by signs. Brutes 
are endowed with natural language, but the ability to 
convey an expression of their feelings is confined to a 
few inarticulate sounds. Domesticated animals, not only 
have a natural language by which they can understand 
each other, but they inform those persons who have the 
charge of them, of their wants and aversions, by the va- 
rious sounds that they are accustomed to make. Dogs, 
Cats, &c, make use of a particular sound when they are 
hungry and ask for food. Birds, also, the most musical 
of the lower animals, make use of different sounds, to ex- 
press joy or fear. The Robin, for example, pitches her 
voice on a very different key, when her young ones are 
approached by some destructive urchin, a serpent or mur- 
derous hawk, than when at early dawn, unmolested by 
man, reptile or bird of prey, she charms the cottager with 
the sweet music of her notes. But man, unlike the brute 
creation, has the ability to form an alphabet, place sev- 
eral letters together, form words and give to those words 
certain articulate sounds, and thus express his ideas to 
his fellow men. The cultivation of this faculty in chil- 
dren is very important, but from a want of knowledge of 
the true nature of the faculties of the mind, it has not been 
educated in a manner best calculated to enlarge and 
strengthen the mental powers. We have stated that 
Language has nothing to do in generating ideas. It 



LANGUAGE. 171 

merely gives the ability to commit to memory the ideas 
of others and to repeat them when occasion requires. 
Some persons have the impression that if a child can 
commit to memory with great facility, it is a mark of 
superior intellect. But it is an erroneous opinion, for 
such is often the case with children having weak minds. 
Idiotic persons sometimes have the faculty of Language 
so strong that they can repeat the whole of a long dis- 
course, after having heard it but once. This' shows that 
the faculty of committing to memory may be very good 
when many of the other faculties are decidedly weak. 
Children are sent to school, and for weeks, perhaps, no 
intellectual organ is called into exercise, excepting Lan- 
guage. And how is this done? Merely by giving the 
child tasks to commit to memory, without even explain- 
ing the meaning of the words or sentences committed. 
And sure enough it is a task, the child dislikes it — be- 
comes tired of going to school, and its parents sometimes 
feel obliged to have recourse to the whip, in order to 
secure attention to books. Take a different course, and 
learn the child tilings as well as words; let the whole of 
the intellectual organs be exercised instead of the one 
organ of Language, and the school house will not be an 
irksome place. In short, children should not be learned 
to spell a word, or repeat any sentence without knowing 
the meaning of the word or sentence. Parents sometimes 
take pride in letting strangers hear their children repeat 
verses which they have committed, when it is done parrot- 
like, without understanding what they repeat. They 
might as well be proud in exhibiting the skill of a Parrot 
in repeating its favorite words. All who have a strong 
endowment of this faculty are not fluent speakers, or 
great talkers. Cautiousness being large, often produces 
slowness of communication, and combined with small 
Hope, leads a person to be taciturn, even when the organ 
of Language is large. Neither does it alone, give facility 
in the acquisition of foreign languages. Large Compar- 
ison and Eventuality, united with a good share of Lan- 
guage, (a combination, which exists in Elihu Burritt, the 
learned blacksmith,) give the ability to excel as a lin- 
guist. Children having this faculty strong and active, 



172 LANGUAGE. 

will be talkative, and if they cannot find any one to con- 
verse with, they will talk to themselves, or their play- 
things. A full eye, and a swollen appearance to the under 
eye-lid, are signs of a large organ of Language ; but the 
eye may be prominent from a want of brain in the region 
of the perceptive organs, and thus lead a novice in the 
science to mistake its size. The eye, also, may appear 
sunken, if the anterior lobe of the brain is very large, 
when this organ is well developed, as is the case with 
Clay, Webster, Calhoun and others. 

Very Large. One having Lang, very large, has a re* 
mark able talent to recollect words; is able to speak with 
ease and fluency, and can commit to memory with great 
rapidity ; with large Event, and Individ,,, and moderate 
Caus., will use a great many words to express a very few 
ideas, and in relating anecdotes will be prolix; with moder- 
ate Secret, and Caution and large Hope, will be loquacious. 

Large, has a good verbal memory ; makes use of ap- 
propriate words to express feelings and ideas ; with large 
Individ., Event., Hope and Combat., and moderate. Se- 
cret, and Caution, will have a great command of words 
and be able to communicate thoughts with ease and 
fluency; with large Caus., Comp., Event., Individ., Imi- 
tat., Ideal, and Tune added, will make a good public 
speaker, be eloquent, and have a faculty to gain the atten- 
tion of auditors, and be able to excel in the science of 
elocution. 

Full, can commit to memory with a fair degree of 
facility ; has a tolerable command of words and, when 
excited, will be fluent; with large Secret, and Caution, 
and moderate Event., Combat, and Hope, will hesitate 
when talking, and appear to lack Language, and will have 
a better faculty to write than speak; with small Secret, 
and Caus., will speak without sufficient thought, and with 
large Self-Esteem and Destruct. added, will be blunt an,d 
harsh in the expression of views and feelings. 

Average, possesses an average talent for committing 



REASONING ORGANS. 173 

to memory, and has language suited to ordinary occa- 
sions; with large Combat, and Hope, will be fluent, espe- 
cially when excited ; with large Event., and average 
Secret, added, will be quite a talker, but lack ease and 
copiousness of style in the expression of ideas. 

Moderate, cannot learn to repeat words and senten- 
ces without much labor ; will often be at a loss for words 
by which to express ideas ; with large Caus., will remem- 
ber the ideas of a speaker better than the language in 
which he clothes them, and be conscise in the expression 
of thoughts either orally or with the pen. 

Small, is slow to commit to memory ; uses language 
that is common-place ; with full Caution, and average 
Combat., will often be much troubled for words by which 
to express ideas ; with a good development of the other 
organs of the intellect, will, on a slight acquaintance, ap* 
pear less talented than is in reality the case. 

Very Small, has a very poor verbal memory, often 
hesitates when talking, for words ; will use inappropriate 
language, and sentences without any significant meaning ; 
with Individ, and Form moderate or small, will find much 
difficulty in learning to read with any degree of celerity 
or accuracy. 

Genus II. Reflective or Reasoning faculties. 

These faculties give understanding or reason, and take 
a general supervision over all the other faculties and give 
power to reason upon the ideas which they obtain. They 
impart the power to trace the connection between causes 
and effects, lead to the discovery and application of first 
principles, generate resources, invent, adapt means to 
ends, comprehend truly abstract, metaphysical subjects 
and create that high order of intellect which makes man 
a progressive and improvable being, and although weaker 
than many animals, yet the natural lord of the earth, 
15* 



174 



COMPARISON. 



27. Dr. Gall, 



28. Amsterdam Idiot, copied from 
a cast of the original. 





Reasoning organs, very large. Reasoning organs, totally wanting. 

37. COMPARISON. 

This faculty compares, illustrates, discovers analogies f 

resemblances and differences in principles, objects, 

fyc. ; the power to reason from 'parallel cases, 

to illustrate and classify phenomena. 

This organ is located in the middle of the upper por- 
tion of the forehead. 

Adaptation. Every object in nature bears some re- 
semblance to other objects, yet no two things are pre- 
cisely alike. The millions of men and animals, and 
all physical existences, show greater or less likeness to 
each other, and truth and falsehood often bear to each 
other a striking similitude. It is the office of Compari- 
son to recognize these resemblances and differences, 
thereby imparting critical acumen in forming a judgment 
of men and things and of the various phenomena of the 
intellectual and material world. Comparison has been 
justly called "the fountain of proverbs." It enables us 
to reason upon things which we do not know, by a com- 
parison with those with which we are acquainted. Thus, 
we see a stone sink in water ; a tree fall when cut at 
the root ; a balloon rise in the air ; the sun set in the 



COMPARISON.. 175 

west ; the moon wax and wane ; winter succeed sum- 
mer ; fire dissolve combustible matter, &c, and we con- 
clude that the same effects will succeed similar causes 
forever. When we compare phenomena with causes 
which have acted, and find them the same, we infer he- 
forehand, what must follow, viz., that analagous causes, 
will produce analagous results. By this faculty we ob- 
tain a knowledge of things not seen, by knowing that 
they resemble those which we have seen. We see a 
Chinese, a Hindoo, a Greenlander or an African, and 
from hence infer the general resemblance of all in their 
several nations. We see one city, and infer the general 
appearance of all other cities. We see corn growing 
upon the stalk ; an acorn, upon a tree ; or a fish, in wa- 
ter ; and whenever, or wherever we may see those ob- 
jects, we say that the place of their nativity, was the stalk, 
the tree and the water. Much of scripture teaching, 
aside from the Psalms of David, and Proverbs of Solomon 
is addressed to man through Comparison ; for example, 
'The kingdom of Heaven, is likened to a man,' &x. This 
mode of reasoning by illustration, the comparison of 
spiritual with temporal things, and temporal with spiritual, 
is not only one of the happiest, but is decidedly the most 
convincing. The organ of Comparison is generally lar- 
ger than Causality, and we notice that those speakers who 
illustrate truth by something with which the audience is 
familiar, are listened to with the deepest interest. Such 
was true of Pitt, Curran, Sheriden, Phillips and Cook- 
man, and such is the case with Finney, Burchard and 
Maffitt, and indeed all popular speakers or writers abound 
in similes, metaphors and analogical expressions. Com- 
parison gives to poetry much of its beauty and interest, 
and the writings of Shakspeare, Pope, Byron, Burns, 
Moore and Pollok, abound in figurative expressions. 
/Esop's Fables, are a perfect exhibition of the use and 
effect of this faculty. 

Very Large. One having Comp. viry large, possesses 
a scrutinizing, analytical mind ; extraordinary talent to 
illustrate and reason from supposed or similar cases; 
power to discover and appreciate the nice shades of dif- 



176 COMPARISON. 

ference or analogy, of principles, language or things, 
and with large Lang., will be a real critic in terms. 

Large, has superior power to reason by analogy ; to 
detect a slight incongruity ; makes appropriate compari- 
sons, and with very large Caus., will have strong theoret- 
ical understanding, critical and comprehensive views, 
and originality and depth of thought. With large Indi- 
vid., Event., Lang, and Ideal., will be apt, and to the point 
in illustrations, use glowing mataphors, and highly polished 
proverbial and parabolical expressions ; with large Firm., 
Appro., Plope, Sub., and Combat, added, will carry ev- 
ery thing before him in argument and oratory, and be the 
personification of intellectual greatness; with very large 
Destruct., Self-Esteem and Mirth, added, will, when 
aroused, be sarcastic and his withering criticisms will be 
bold, censorious and overwhelming. 

Full, has a fair talent to compare and reason by anal- 
ogy ; but will not detect the nicer differences, the minute 
and obscure resemblances in principles, arguments and 
things ; with large Construct, and perceptive organs, will 
make bold comparisons, and illustrate ideas and princi- 
ples well by the mechanical powers. With large Mirth, 
and moderate Imitat., Secret, and Ideal., will be blunt, 
off-hand and odd, and make many singular and laughable 
comparisons, but with large Secret., Ideal, and Caus., 
will be chaste and elegant in illustration and take a few 
bold points of comparison, and reason from them with 
success. 

Average, has tolerable ability for analogy and classi- 
fication ; readily feels the force of such comparisons as 
are bold and striking, and manifests strength, rather than 
acuteness in illustration. With large Caus., will reason 
more from first principles than by a comparison of facts, 
and with moderate Ideal, and Hope, will rarely use a 
metaphor, and is rather dry and abstruse, than eloquent, 
polished and refined. 

Moderate, perceives and uses in argument, such 



CAUSALITY. 177 

comparisons only, as are strong and perfectly apparent ; 
is more general, than critical in illustration ; fails to ob- 
serve minute resemblances and differences in property, 
ideas or language, and cannot classify thoughts or things 
closely. 

Small, has but little talent for illustration, and seldom 
uses, or tries to employ comparisons, and is crude and 
inappropriate in all such efforts. 

Very Small, is slow and obtuse in analogical percep- 
tion, even when bold and striking comparisons are pre- 
sented by others. 

38. CAUSALITY. 

Power to reason, ability to trace the "dependences of phe- 
nomena y and the relation of cause and effect. 

This organ is located outward from Comparison, in 
the upper and lateral portions of the forehead. 

Adaptation. Philosophy teaches that every effect 
must have a cause, and that every cause produces an 
effect. Causality brings man into harmony with this 
established principle, and leads him to search into the 
deep mysteries of nature. It draws a distinct line be- 
tween man and the lower animals ; takes the place of 
instinct, and is denominated, Reason. Some animals, by 
their instinctive sagacity, perform many operations in one 
way only, with wonderful skill, and in performing them 
they cannot err. Man, on the other hand, aided by this 
faculty, is enabled to invent new things and to make 
improvements on the inventions of others ; but notwith- 
standing this, he is liable to err. This, then, is the dif- 
ference between reason and instinct. Causality leads 
man to investigate the laws that govern the world which 
we inhabit, the cause of day and night, summer and win- 
ter, the tides, an eclipse of the sun or moon, the attrac- 
tion of gravitation, earthquakes, volcanoes and lightning; 
and leaving earth, to soar through the regions of space 



178 CAUSALITY. 

and investigate the movements of the heavenly bodies, 
revolving in their spheres ; and not content with this, to 
approach the throne of the Almighty, and seek to inves- 
tigate the character of Him, who is the great first Cause 
of all. This faculty being strong in children, produces 
an inquisitiveness which will not rest satisfied until the 
question asked, receives a full, reasonable and decided 
answer. Some children are inquisitive, but any answer 
to their questions, however unreasonable it may be, will 
satisfy them. Such have large Individuality and Eventu- 
ality, with feeble Causality. This organ appears very 
large in the portraits of Bacon, Locke, Franklin and 
Gall, and they were remarkable for originality, and the 
depth of their philosophical researches. It is also very 
large in Daniel Webster and Professor Siliiman of Yale 
College, moderate in the Aborigines of this country, and 
very small in the Charibs and New Hollanders. 

Very Large. One having Caus. very large, has a 
very strong desire to know the why and wherefore of every 
thing; is an original thinker; reasons from first causes; 
searches deeply into abstruse principles and relations, and 
is capable of investigating and comprehending the most 
profound arguments ; with large perceptive organs added, 
will observe closely, obtain data from small matters, and 
upon them found large systems, and thus, like Newton, 
Franklin and Gall, make new discoveries in science. 

Large, is much inclined to search deeply and find out 
the causes of existing phenomena, and easily comprehends 
abstruse principles : with large Individ, and Event., will 
be fond of natural philosophy ; with those organs moder- 
ate or small, will like abstract reasoning, yet lack judg- 
ment on many practical subjects, and learn more from 
books than by observation; with large Combat., will be 
fond of contending upon metaphysical subjects ; with very 
large moral organs added, will take pleasure in reasoning 
on the doctrines of morality and theological subjects. 

Full, will wish to know the causes and reasons of 
things, but will not be distinguished for deep, original 



CAUSALITY. 179 

conceptions ; with large Comp. and perceptive intellect, 
will possess sound judgment and have good practical 
ability ; with large Firm., full Combat, and Destruct. 
added, will not only plan well, but have force and efficien- 
cy to carry out those plans. 

Average, will not possess great power of reasoning 
upon first principles; with large Comp., Lang., Event, 
and Individ., will reason plausibly upon many subjects 
and appear to good advantage, yet be superficial upon 
those which require deep thinking; and with large Self- 
Esteem added, will, upon a short acquaintance, get credit 
for knowing more than he really does. 

Moderate, has but little desire to search into first 
principles ; lacks the ability to reason upon abstruse sub- 
jects ; with large Secret., will display considerable tact 
and shrewdness, but lack the power to lay deep plans and 
carry them out advantageously. 

Small, has feeble ability to plan and reason, and is not 
possessed of sound judgment ; cannot understand profound 
arguments and solid reasoning ; with large Ven., and mod- 
erate Self-Esteem, will feel very lowly in the company of 
the learned and dignified. 

Very Small, cannot comprehend the most simple 
reasoning ; is not able to originate any new ideas, and is 
destitute of common sense. 



o ti^voiWicai/ Hbiuttactct, oi 
Cvanmicc) uiv 



/Ba 



REMARKS ON THE FOREHEAD. 

Those having but little acquaintance with phrenology, 
often form very erroneous opinions in regard to the men- 
tal capacity of individuals by merely taking a front view 
of their foreheads. They imagine that a receding fore- 
head is very unfavorable and cannot be accompanied 
with good sense. And noticing, too, that persons of 
good practical judgment, frequently have receding, while 
others, noted for stupidity, have perpendicular foreheads, 
they conclude that phrenology, is one of the "delusions 
of science." A few suggestions will show the error into 
which such persons are often led by ignorance. In the 
first place, strength of intellect, (other conditions being 
equal) depends upon the size of the anterior lobe of the 
brain. The rule laid down by phrenologists by which to 
judge of the size of this portion of the brain, is to ascer- 
tain the most prominent portion of the zygomatic arch, a 
little back of the cheek bones, from which point draw a 
perpendicular line, (the eyes being on a level with the 
horizon,) and the amount of brain forward of this line 
indicates the bulk of the anterior lobe of the brain, which 
is devoted to the intellectual organs ; or in more general 
terms, observe whether the head is long or short, from 
the ears, forward. See Cuts of Raphael and New Hoi- 
lander, page 137, by which a very large and a very small 
endowment of the anterior lobe is exhibited, with the rule 
for ascertaining its size. A perpendicular forehead, is 
not indicative of a large, nor a receding one of a small 
anterior lobe The one that is perpendicular, however, 
may when viewed in front by a novice in phrenology, be 
considered preferable to the one which is receding, when 
in reality the reverse is true. A very large endowment 
"of the organs cf the perceptive faculties is usually the 
cause of receding foreheads, and is often accompanied 
with a good development of the reflective organs. Two 
heads may appear alike, when viewed in front, but when 
seen in profile, one will indicate a well balanced intellect, 
while the other will show evident marks of imbecility. 



REMARKS ON TIP |gj 

We ban ! that most of our distinguished si 

men, divines, lawyers, physicians and teachen 
treating foreheads, occasioned by a very large develop- 
ment oi the perceptive organs. We have also noticed 
that those scholars who receive the highest hono 
college, have the same form of head. In short, a good 
endowment of the perceptive organs is absolutely neces- 
sary to enable a man to be a ready scholar, and to rise 
above mediocrity in any of the learned professions. 

\\ ashington and Lafayette had retreating foreheads 
and they were men of sound judgment, sterling sense and 
good practical ability. There are some persons who have 
large organs of the perceptive faculties, combined with 
very large reflective organs, which produces foreheads 
like those of Dr's Franklin and Gall. (See cuts.) Such 
a combination enables its possessor to look into the hid- 
den mysteries of nature; to reason from cause to effect, 
and make discoveries in science and philosophy. 

REMARKS ON THE CUTS. 

No. 1 Figure of a perfect head, is designed to show 
the location and comparative size of the phrenological 
organs. The reader will see the spaces, marked A, B &, C 
which some Phrenologists suppose to be mental organs! 
but they are not yet fully established. 

hilih ^nr VESESS ' is "P*** t( > S"» ease and affa- 
^SabfeVotheT 6 ' t0 Pi6aSe and rendCT ° ne ' s self 

i JL n S UN Nature > » supposed to give ability to 
judge of the motives and character of others, and to 'lead 
to suspicion. Such are not too confiding, and hence are - 
seldom deceived by strangers. 

C. Union for Life, is supposed to induce a desire 

v%vhhV 0r J; fe,0 I 0nC T , bel r d ob J ect >»»<^ 1- constant! 
ly with that friend. Dr. Vimont, the great French anat- 
omist, has noticed a difference in this region of the brains 
16 



1S2 REMARKS ON THE CUTS. 

of connubial animals, and those which choose their mates 
yearly or associate promiscuously. 

No. 2, shows the location of the several classes of organsv 

No. 3, Stephen Burroughs, had large reasoning, and 
extraordinary perceptive organs. He was a man of re- 
markable shrewdness of intellect and versatility of talent. 
He had very strong propensities and feeble Conscientious- 
ness, and he was highly talented and (unless his reputa- 
tion is incorrect) depraved. 

No. 4, shows only average perceptive, large reasoning 
and moral organs, and small Amativeness. 

No. 6, presents a side, and No. 7 a back view of the 
skull of Big Thunder, an Indian Chief and warrior. No* 
one will fail to perceive the very great breadth of the 
skull in the region of Destruct. and Secret, and the total 
want of Benev. Be was a monster of treachery and cruelty. 

No's, 12 &, 13, present a bold contrast. In No. 12, 
Self-Esteem is excessive, while the social organs are small, 
and hence, his head is high and perpendicular in the back 
part. No. 13, shows very small Self-Esteem and very 
larire Philo., which elongates the back-head and makes it 
appear deformed ; but reduce Philo. and increase Self- 
Esteem, and the head would be well balanced. We find 
many female heads like this. 

No's, 14 &. 15, are true copies of skulls in our posses- 
sion, and their characters corresponded with thesr phre- 
nological developments. The other Cuts are sufficiently 
explained where they are inserted. 



INDB2 . 



cad, 



Adhesiveness, . 

Amativeness, 

Alimentiveness, 

Acquisiiivem ■>•>, 

Approbativen* 

Brain, the organ of the mind, 
41 enlarged by exercise, 

44 remarks on the, 

Boy in Washington, having a very la 

Benevolence, 

Combe, Mr. George 

Colleges, . 

Classification of the facultie 

Concentrativeness, 

Combativeness, 

Cautiousness, 

Conscientiousness, 

Constructiveness, 

Color, 

Comparison, 

Causality, 

Cuts, remarks on the, 

44 Perfect Head, showing the location of the organs, 

44 showing the location of the several classes of organs, 

44 of Stephen Burroughs & Mr. *****, . 

44 4 - Affectionate Mother & Big Thunder,. 

44 44 Big Thunder, back view, & Ceylonese boy, 

44 44 Timid Lady, Reckless boy & Mr. ******, 

u m Arrogance & Modesty, .... 

44 4C Lawyer & English soldier, 

44 44 Dr. Gall &, Pope Alexander VI., 

44 44 Skull in Dr. Gall's collection & Dr. Hettc, 

44 44 New Hollander & Raphael, 

44 44 Pitt, Moore, Sheriden, Burritt & Franklin, 

44 44 Dr Gall & Amsterdam Idiot, 

Diversity of character, 

Destructiveness, 

Education of children, and self-improvement, . 
Explanation of chart, ...... 

External senses, ....... 

Firmness,. ........ 

Form, ......... 

Forehead, remarks on the, 



Page, 

58 
49 

74 



184 



INDEX. 



General Observations, 
Hope, 

Inhabitiveness, 

Ideality, 

Imitation, . 

Individuality, 

Indians, North American, 19, 20, 

Luther, Martin Rev., 

Laws of Health, 

Locality, . 

Language, 

Measurement of skulls, 

Melancthon, Philip Rev., 

Mapping of the head into organs 

Marvellousness, 

Mirthfulness, 

National heads, 

Napoleon, . 

Number, 

Order, 

Preface, 

Principles of Phrenology, 

Plurality of the faculties, 

" u " organs, 

Partial genius, . 

" insanity, 

M idocy, 
Peruvian Indian, 
Physical education, . 
Philoprogenitiveness, 
Size, a measure of power, 

" of the head, 
Size, organ of, . 
Secretiveness, . 
Self-Esteem, 
Sublimity, 
Schools and school teachers 

Temperaments, 

Tight lacing, 

Temperance, 

Time, organ of, ' 

Tune, 

Veneration, 

Wounds of the head, 

Washington, ? 

Weight, organ of, 

Youth, murdered by kindness, 



21,31 



,71, 



75,94,: 















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